American Experiment (257 page)

160
[Horatio Alger, Jr.]:
John Tebbel,
From Rags to Riches
(Macmillan, 1963); Ralph D. Gardner,
Horatio Alger, or the American Hero Era
(Wayside Press, 1964); Herbert R. Mayes,
Alger
(Macy-Masius, 1928).

[Huber on Alger’s heroes]:
Huber, p. 46.

[Greene on Munsey]:
Greene, quoted at p. 99.

[“Riches power”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 99.

[White on Munsey]: ibid.,
p. 102.

[McGuffey Reader
on trying]:
quoted in Rischin, p. 45.

161
[Carnegie on Spencer]:
quoted in Joseph F. Wall,
Andrew Carnegie
(Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 381.

[Dinner at Delmonico’s]:
Spencer,
Autobiography,
vol. 2, p. 478;
New York Times,
November 10, 1882, p. 5; Carnegie, pp. 335–37; Wall, pp. 387–89; Lately Thomas,
Delmonico’s
(Houghton Mifflin, 1967); Ethel F. Fisk, ed.,
The Letters of John Fiske
(Macmillan, 1940), p. 478.

162
[Wall on other speakers]:
Wall, p. 388.

[Beecher’s qualified endorsement of evolution]:
quoted in
New York Times,
November 10, 1882, p. 5

[Dinner at Delmonico’s for Henry George]: New York Times,
October 22, 1882, p. 9; Perry Belmont,
An American Democrat
(Columbia University Press, 1940), pp. 296–97.

[Henry George]:
Henry George, Jr.,
The Life of Henry George
(Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, 1960); Charles Albro Barker,
Henry George
(Oxford University Press, 1955).

163 [Henry George on man’s right to the free gifts of nature]:
quoted in George, Jr., p. 223.

[Bellamy]:
Sylvia E. Bowman,
The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy
(Bookman Associates, 1958), esp. pp. 107–52.

[Bellamy on his purpose in writing
Looking Backward]: Edward Bellamy, “How I Wrote
Looking Backward,” Ladies’ Home Journal,
vol. 2, no. 5 (April 1894), quoted in A. E. Morgan,
Edward Bellamy
(Columbia University Press, 1944), pp. 229–30.

[Looking Backward]: Edward Bellamy,
Looking Backward, 2000–1887
(Houghton Mifflin, 1888).

[The metaphor of the coach]: ibid.,
pp. 10–12.

164–5
[Dialogue between Julian West and Edith]:
Edward Bellamy,
Equality
(D. Appleton, 1897), pp. 4–13.

166
[Lloyd]:
Chester McArthur Destler,
Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Empire of Reform
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963).

[Destler on Lloyd]: ibid.,
p. 301.

166–7
[George on
Looking Backward]: quoted in Barker, p. 540.

167
[Lloyd on George]:
quoted in Destler, p. 136.

[Bellamy, nationalizing and “Nationalism”]:
Bowman, pp. 122–38, 308–14.

[Bellamy-George exchange]:
quoted in Morgan, pp. 392–93.

[Bellamy on the word
socialist]: quoted in John A. Garraty,
The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890
(Harper & Row, 1968), p. 319; see also, Bellamy,
Looking Backward,
p. 252.

[“Prince of muddleheads”]:
quoted in Garraty, p. 319.

[Marx on George as theorist]:
quoted in Barker, p. 356.

[Lloyd on Marx’s determinism]:
quoted in Destler, pp. 180, 508.

[Gladden]:
see Washington Gladden,
Applied Christianity: Moral Aspects of Social Questions
(Houghton Mifflin, 1886), esp. pp. 103 ff; Washington Gladden,
Tools and the Man
(Houghton Mifflin, 1893).

[Morris on
Looking Backward]: quoted in Parrington,
op. cit.,
vol. 3, pp. 311–12.

167–8
[Post-Civil War New England culture]:
Van Wyck Brooks,
New England: Indian Summer,
1
86
5–1915
(E. P. Dutton, 1940]: Parrington, vol. 3,
passim;
see also F. O. Matthiessen,
American Renaissance
(Oxford University Press, 1941).
[Parrington on nostalgia for Federalism]:
Parrington, vol. 3, p. 50.

[Adams on Boston]:
Henry Adams,
The Life of George Cabot Lodge
(Houghton Mifflin, 1911), quoted in Brooks, p. 199 footnote.

[Twain on his Boston audience]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 8.

[Brooks on exhaustion of old reformers]: ibid.,
p. 120.

169
[Henry Adams]:
Ernest Samuels,
Henry Adams,
3 vols. (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1948–64); Henry Adams,
The Education of Henry Adams
(Houghton Mifflin, 1918).

[Adams trying to drive away students]:
quoted in Brooks, p. 254 footnote.

[Mrs. Lightfoot Lee and power]:
Henry Adams,
Democracy
(Farrar, Straus and Young, n.d), p. 10.

[Henry James]:
Leon Edel,
Henry James
(J. B. Lippincolt, 1953–72), vol. 1; Maxwell Geismar,
Henry James and the Jacobites
(Houghton Mifflin, 1963).

170
[James’s alleged lampooning of Peabody]:
Edel, vol. 3, pp. 142–43.

[Parrington on James’s concern only with nuances]:
Parrington, vol. 3, p. 241.

[James as “pragmatizing”]:
quoted in Brooks, p. 228.

[James’s (not necessarily intended) “figure in the carpet”]:
Geismar, pp. 137–39.

[“Best and brightest”]:
quoted in Brooks, p. 188.

[Howells]:
Kenneth S. Lynn,
William Dean Howells: An American Life
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).

[Twain]:
Justin Kaplan,
Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain
(Simon and Schuster, 1966); Roger B. Salomon,
Twain and the Image of History
(Yale University Press, 1961); Philip S. Foner,
Mark Twain: Social Critic
(International Publishers, 1958).

171
[Huck on the Mississippi]:
Mark Twain,
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(American Publishing, 1903), p. 161.

[Huck’s escapism]:
Albert E. Stone, Jr.,
The Innocent Eye: Childhood in Mark Twain’s Imagination
(Yale University Press, 1961), esp. ch. 5.

[Huck on Aunt Sally’s effort to “sivilize” him]:
Twain, p. 375.

[“I’d got to decide, forever”]: ibid.,
p. 279. On Huck’s decision, see also Leo Marx,
The Machine in the Garden
(Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 337–38.

[“NOTICE” to the reader]:
Twain, p. iii.

[Norris]:
Ernest Marchand,
Frank Norris
(Octagon Books, 1981); William B. Dillingham,
Frank Norris: Instinct and Art
(University of Nebraska Press, 1969).

[McTeague]: Frank Norris,
McTeague: A Story of San Francisco
(Doubleday, Doran, 1928).

172
[The Octopus]: Frank Norris,
The Octopus: The Epic of the Wheat: A Story of California
(P. F. Collier, 1901), quoted at p. 473.

[Huck on the steamboat smashing through the raft]:
Twain, p. 133.

173
[De Leon on the Declaration of Independence]:
quoted in David Herreshoff,
American Disciples of Marx
(Wayne State University Press, 1967), pp. 167–68.

[Marx on wages labor as a probational state]:
quoted in Stuart Bruce Kaufman,
Samuel Gompers and the Origins of the American Federation of Labor, 1848–1896
(Greenwood Press, 1973), p. 28.

[Early development of American socialism]:
Howard H. Quint,
The Forging of American Socialism
(University of South Carolina Press, 1953), esp. ch. 1; Herreshoff, chs. 3–4.

174 [Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly]:
most issues in New-York Historical Society;
Communist Manifesto
in issue of December 30, 1871; see also, Herreshoff, pp. 83–84, 86.

175 [National Labor Union]:
Gerald N. Grob,
Workers and Utopia
(Northwestern University Press, 1961), ch. 2.

[Socialists on letting “wage slavery” go on]:
Kaufman, p. 85.

[Union membership, 1878]:
see Philip S. Foner,
History of the Labor Movement in the United States
(International Publishers, 1947–65), vol. 1, pp. 439–40.

[Labor troubles of 1870s]:
Philip S. Foner,
The Great Labor Uprising of 1877
(Monad Press, 1977); Garraty,
op. cit.,
ch. 4; Jeremy Brecher,
Strike!
(South End Press, 1972), ch. 1; Herbert Gutman,
Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), ch. 6.

[Molly Maguires]:
Louis Adamic,
Dynamite
(Viking Press, 1934), ch. 2.

176
[Adams on railroad strikes]:
Edward Chase Kirkland,
Charles Francis Adams, Jr.
(Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 54–55.

[National trade unions]:
Norman J. Ware,
The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860–1895
(D. Appleton, 1929); Lloyd Ulman,
The Rise of the National Trade Union
(Harvard University Press, 1955); John Philip Hall, “The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869–1878,”
Journal of Economic History,
vol. 18, no. 2 (June 1958), pp. 161–75.

[Knights of Labor and the strikes of 1884 and 1886]:
Brecher, ch. 2; Grob, chs. 3. 4; Gerald N. Grob, “The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878–1886,
” Journal of Economic History,
vol. 18, no. 2 (June 1958), pp. 176–92; Foner,
History of the Labor Movement,
vol. 1, ch. 21, pp. 504–12 and vol. 2, chs. 3–5; James MacGregor Burns, “Labor’s Drive to Majority Status,” unpub. dissertation, Williams College, 1939.

[Garraty on Powderly]:
Garraty, p. 162.

[Powderly on the word “class “]:
quoted in Harold C. Livesay,
Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America
(Little, Brown, 1978), p. 77.

[“Toiling millions now are waking”]:
quoted in Adamic, p. 62.

177
[Haymarket Massacre]:
Henry David,
The History of the Haymarket Affair
(Farrar & Rinehart,1936); Adamic, ch. 6; Philip S. Foner,
The Autobiography of the Haymarket Martyrs
(Humanities Press, 1969).

[Anarchist circular]:
reprinted in Adamic, p. 70.

[“Then we’ll all go home”]:
quoted in
ibid.,
p. 73.

178
[David on the Haymarket “martyrs”]:
David, p. 534.

[The American Federation of Labor]:
Livesay, Kaufman; Foner,
History of the Labor Movement,
vol. 2, chs. 9, 12; Grob,
Workers and Utopia,
chs. 8, 9; John Laslett, “Reflections on the
Failure of Socialism in the American Federation of Labor,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
vol. 50, no. 4 (March 1964), pp. 634–51.

178
[Strasser’s dialogue with the senator]:
quoted in Garraty, p. 170.

[Gompers’s early life and apprenticeship]:
Samuel Gompers,
Seventy Years of Life and Labor
(E. P. Dutton, 1925). vol. 1, book 1; Livesay, chs. 1–3.

[“Study your union card, Sam
”]: Karl Laurrell, quoted in Gompers, vol. 1, p. 75.
[Gompers on improving material conditions]:
quoted in Kaufman, p. 174.

180
[“The only desirable legislation for the workers”]:
Twentieth Century Fund,
Labor and theGovernment
(McGraw-Hill, 1935), pp. 14–15.

[Gompers and Social Darwinism]:
Gompers, vol. 2, ch. 26; George B. Cotkin, “The Spencerian and Comtian Nexus in Gompers’ Labor Philosophy: The Impact of Non-Marxian Evolutionary Thought,”
Labor History,
vol. 20, no. 4 (Fall 1979). pp. 510–23.

[“Largest democratic mass movement”]:
Lawrence Goodwyn,
The Populist Moment
(Oxford University Press, 1978), p. vii.

181
[Crop lien system]:
Lawrence Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America
(Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 26–31.

[“Laboring men of America”]:
W. Scott Morgan,
History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution
(W. Scott Morgan, 1889), p. 24, quoted in Martha A. Warner,
Kansas Populism: A Sociological Analysis
(M.A. thesis, University of Kansas, 1956), p. 94.

182
[Founding and structure of Farmers’ Alliance]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 33–40; Topeka
Advocate,
July 22, 1891; John D. Hicks,
The Populist Revolt
(University of Nebraska Press, 1961), pp. 128–29; Homer Clevenger, “The Teaching Techniques of the Farmers’ Alliance,”
Journal of Southern History,
vol. 11, no. 4 (November 1945), pp. 504–18.

[Lamb]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 40–41;Roscoe C. Martin,
The People’s Party in Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics
(reprint; University of Texas Press, 1970), pp. 44–45.

[Great Southwest Strike and the Alliance]:
Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 54–65.

[Growth of Alliance membership]: ibid.,
pp. 65, 73.

[Cleburne convention and demands]: ibid,
pp. 77–83, demands quoted at p. 79; Hicks, pp. 105–6.

183
[Macune]:
Hicks, pp. 106–9; Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
pp. 83–86; Annie L. Diggs, “The Farmers’ Alliance and Some of Its Leaders,”
The Arena,
no. 29 (April 1892), pp.598–600; C. Vann Woodward,
Origins of the New South, 1877–1913
(Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1951), p. 190.

[“Freedom from the tyranny of organized capital”]:
quoted in Goodwyn,
Democratic Promise,
p. 90.

[Waco, 1887]: ibid.,
pp. 89–91; Hicks, pp. 107—9.