American Experiment (260 page)

227
[The Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894]:
Thomas G. Manning,
The Chicago Strike of 1894
(Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), p. 1.

[Flowers and lawn in the model town]:
Pullman pamphlet, quoted in Milton Mellzer,
Bread
—
and Roses: The Struggle of American Labor, 1865–1915
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), p. 148.

[Pullman paternalism]:
Almont Lindsey, “Paternalism and the Pullman Strike,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 44, no. 2 (January 1939), pp. 272–89.

[“We are born in a Pullman house”]:
quoted in Meltzer, p. 151.

[Strike]:
Stanley Buder,
Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning
(Oxford University Press, 1967), chs. 12–15; Manning,
passim;
Meltzer, ch. 14; Christopher Lamb, “Eugene Debs, the A.R.U., and the Failure of Radical Labor” (typescript, Williams College, 1981); Louis Adamic,
Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America
(Viking Press, 1934), ch. 11.

[Railroad boycott]:
Meltzer, pp. 153–54.

227–8
[Effect on congressional elections in the nineties of economic and social pressures]:
Samuel T. McSeveney,
The Politics of Depression: Political Behavior in the Northeast, 1893–1896
(Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. vii–ix.

[Reed on the unknown Democratic dead]:
quoted in Paul W. Glad,
McKinley, Bryan, and the People
(Lippincott, 1964), p. 91.

228
[Cleveland, federal finances and the syndicate]:
Nevins, pp. 652–66.

[“I hate the ground that man walks on”]:
Senator John T. Morgan, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 568.

[Democratic factionalism]:
Glad, pp. 91–94, 113–22; Morris, p. 264.

[Internal populist crisis over silver]:
John D. Hicks,
The Populist Revolt
(University of Nebraska Press, 1961), pp. 316–19; Pollack,
Populist Response,
pp. 109–10; Topeka
Advocate,
May 8, 1895.

228
[Watson on free silver]:
C. Vann Woodward,
The Origins of the the New South, 1877–1913
(Louisiana Slate University Press, 1951), p. 282.

229 [Pre-presidential McKinley]:
see Margaret Leech,
In the Days of McKinley
(Harper & Bros., 1959), chs. 1–3.

[Governor McKinley’s debt]:
H. Wayne Morgan,
William McKinley and His America
(Syracuse University Press, 1963), pp. 169–76.

[Morgan on McKinley]:
Morgan,
Hayes to McKinley,
pp. 492–93.

[Bryan]:
Louis W. Koenig,
Bryan
(Putnam’s, 1971); Paolo E. Coletta,
William Jennings Bryan: Political Evangelist, 1860–1908
(University of Nebraska Press, 1964).

229–30
[McKinley and Bryan compared]:
Glad, ch. 1 and pp. 32–36, quoted at p. 15.

230
[La Follette on Bryan’s appearance]:
quoted in Morgan,
Hayes to McKinley,
p. 496.

[The convention and the speech]:
Koenig, ch. 13; Coletta, ch. 8.

230–1
[Text of Bryan’s “Cross of Gold”]:
William Jennings Bryan,
The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign
(W. B. Conkey, 1896), pp. 199–206, reprinted in Schlesinger,
Parties, op. cit,
vol. 2, pp. 1080–85, quoted at pp. 1080, 1081, 1085.

231
[Lloyd on Populist dilemma]:
quoted in Woodward,
Watson,
p. 303.

[1896 Populist convention]:
Robert F. Durden,
The Climax of Populism: The Election of 1896
(University of Kentucky Press, 1965), pp. 23–44; Woodward,
Watson,
pp. 302–31.

[The fall campaign]:
Keller, pp. 582–84; Glad, ch. 8; Gilbert Fite, “Election of 1896,” in Schlesinger,
Elections, op. cit.,
vol. 2, pp. 1787–1825.

232
[Bryan’s concession and challenge]:
quoted in Morgan,
Hayes to McKinley,
p. 521.

[Watson on death of Populist party]:
Woodward,
Watson,
p. 330.

[Significance of 1896 election]:
Sundquist,
Dynamics of the Party System, op. cit.,
esp. ch. 7; Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(W. W. Norton, 1970), esp. ch. 4’,Jerome M. Clubb, William H. Flanigan, and Nancy H. Zingale,
Partisan Realignment
(Sage Publications, 1980); V. O. Key, Jr., “A Theory of Critical Elections,
” Journal of Politics,
vol. 17, no. 1 (February 1955), pp. 3–18; Allan J. Lichtman, “Critical Election Theory and the Reality of American Presidential Politics, 1916–1940,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 81. no. 2 (April 1976), pp. 317–51. esp. pp. 320–23, 339–44; Fite in Schlesinger,
Elections, op. cit.,
vol. 2, pp. 1787–1825.

232–3
[County results in the Midwest]:
Sundquist, p. 151.

233
[Sundquist on “another R”]: ibid.,
p. 150.

[Kleppner on the redeveloped Republican party]:
Paul Kleppner, “From Ethnoreligious Conflict to ‘Social Harmony’: Coalitional and Party Transformations in the 1890s,” in Seymour Martin Lipset, ed.,
Emerging Coalitions in American Politics
(Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1978), pp. 41–59. quoted at p. 42.

[Farm support for McKinley, 1896]:
Gilbert C. Fite, “Republican Strategy and the Farm Vote in the Presidential Campaign of 1896,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 65, no. 4 (July 1960), pp. 787–806.

[Labor support for McKinley]:
Morgan,
McKinley and His America, op. cit.:
see also Irving Bernstein, ed., “Samuel Gompers and Free Silver, 1896,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
vol. 29, no. 3 (December 1942), pp. 394–400.

234
[The McKinley administration]:
Morgan; Leonard D. White,
The Republican Era: 1869–1901
(Macmillan, 1958); Keller,
op. cit.,
esp. ch. 16.

[1896 Republican platform on lynching]:
quoted in Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 2, p. 1834.

[Plessy
v.
Ferguson]: 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

[Williams
v.
Miss.]: 170 U.S. 213 (1898).

[
Washington on segregation]:
Booker T. Washington,
Up From Slavery
(1901), in Louis R. Harlan andJohn W. Blassingame, eds.,
The Booker T. Washington Papers
(University of Illinois Press, 1972–82), vol. 1, pp. 209–385, quoted at p. 342.

[Carnegie on Washington and blacks]:
quoted in Wall,
op. cit.,
pp. 972–74.

[Carnegie on “Triumphant Democracy”]: ibid.,
p. 469.

[Carnegie on freedom]: ibid.,
p. 396. 234–5
[Carnegie’s economic and social views]:
AndrewCarnegie,
Triumphant Democracy
(Scribner’s, 1893); Carnegie,
Autobiography, op. cit.:
Robert Green McCloskey,
American Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise
(Harvard University Press, 1951), esp. ch. 6.

235
[Wall on the have-nots]:
Wall, p. 459.

[The
Maine
in Havana]:
Rickover,
op. cit.,
ch. 4.

[Spanish-Cuban-American war]:
Bailey,
Diplomatic History, op. cit.,
ch. 31; Philip S. Foner,
The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism, 1895–1902
(Monthly Review Press, 1972), vol. 1,
passim;
Ernest R. May,
Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power
(Harper & Row, 1961), parts 4–5; Morgan, chs. 15–17.

[The Hearst-Pulitzer war]:
W. A. Swanberg,
Citizen Hearst
(Scribner’s, 1961), part 3; Leckie,
op. cit.,
pp. 544–45.

236
[McKinley and Cuba]:
Lewis L. Gould,
The Presidency of William McKinley
(Regents Press of Kansas, 1980); Foner, vol. 1, chs. 11–12.

237
(Journal
on the
Maine
disaster]:
February 17, 1898, quoted in Swanberg, p. 136.

[Roosevelt on Spanish “treachery”]:
Roosevelt to Benjamin Diblee, February 16, 1898, in Elting
E. Morison, ed.,
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt
(Harvard University Press, 1951–54), vol. 1, p. 775.

[1976 Navy Department study]:
Rickover,
passim.

[1898 court of inquiry report on the
Maine]: quoted in
ibid., p.
70.

[Foraker on “aggressive conquest of territory”]: Congressional Record,
2nd Session (Government Printing Office, 1898), vol. 31, part 4, p. 3780 (April 13, 1898).

238
[American military effort]:
Graham Cosmas,
An Army for Empire
(University of Missouri Press, 1971); David F. Trask,
The War with Spain in 1898
(Macmillan, 1981); Foner, vol. 2, ch. 15; Leckie, pp. 546–63; Spector,
op. cit.,
chs. 2–3.

239
[“Damned Yankees on the run”]:
quoted in Leckie, p. 556.

[“The poor fellows are dying”]: ibid,
p. 562.

[McKinley’s strategy]:
see Trask,
passim.

239–40
[Diplomatic resolution of the war]:
H. Wayne Morgan, ed.,
Making Peace with Spain: The Diary of Whitelaw Reid, September–December, 1898
(University of Texas Press, 1965); Morgan,
McKinley and His America,
pp. 400–414.

240
[Annexation as “consummation”]:
quoted in Bailey, p. 435.

[Debate over imperialism]:
Morgan,
McKinley and His America,
pp. 415–23 and ch. 19; Daniel B. Schirmer,
Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War
(Schenkman, 1972); Richard E. Welch, Jr.,
Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899–1902
(University of North Carolina Press, 1979); see also Walter L. Williams, “United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism,
” Journal of American History,
vol. 66, no. 4 (March 1980), pp. 810–31.
[Carnegie on McKinley’s leadership]:
quoted in Wall, p. 693.

[“Triumphant Despotism”]: ibid.,
p. 694.

[Hoar on the “downfall” of the republic]:
quoted in Schirmer, p. 109.

[Lodge on passage of the treaty]: ibid.,
p. 122.

241
[Philippine insurrection]:
John M. Gates,
Schoolbooks and Krags: The United States Army in the Philippines, 1898–1902
(Greenwood Press, 1973); Bonifacio S. Salamanca,
The Filipino Reaction to American Rule, 1901–1913
(Shoe String Press, 1968), chs. 1–3.

[Election of 1900]:
Coletta,
op. cit.,
ch. 12; Koenig,
op. cit.,
chs. 18–19; Morgan,
McKinley and His America,
ch. 21; Walter LaFeber, “Election of 1900,” in Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 3, pp. 1877–1962.

[Imperialism as “paramount” issue]:
quoted in LaFeber in Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 1878.

[Carnegie’s support of McKinley]:
Wall, p. 710.

[Donnelly on “shooting negroes”]:
quoted in LaFeber in Schlesinger, vol. 3, p. 1883.

[“President of the whole people”]:
quoted in Morgan,
McKinley and His America,
p. 508.

[“Timekeepers of progress”]: ibid.,
p. 517.

[Assassination of McKinley]:
A. Wesley Johns,
The Man Who Shot McKinley
(A. S. Barnes, 1970); see also James W. Clarke,
American Assassins: The Darker Side of American Politics
(Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 39–62.

245
[Origins of progressivism]:
Irwin Unger and Debi Unger,
The Vulnerable Years: The United States, 1896–1917
(New York University Press, 1978), ch. 4; Richard L. McCormick, “The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of
Progressivism,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 86, no. 2 (April 1981), pp. 247–74; Arthur A. Ekirch,Jr.,
Progressivism in America
(New Viewpoints, 1974); Richard Hofstadter,
The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R.
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), chs. 4, 5; John D. Buenker, “The Progressive Era: A Search for a Synthesis,”
Mid-America,
vol. 51, no. 3 (July 1969), pp. 175–93; David P. Thelen, “Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 56, no. 2 (September 1969), pp. 323–41; Peter G. Filene, “An Obituary for ‘The Progressive Movement,’ ”
American Quarterly,
vol. 22, no. 1 (Spring 1970), pp. 20–34; Robert H. Wiebe,
Businessmen and Reform: A Study of the Progressive Movement
(Harvard University Press, 1962); Samuel P. Hays,
The Response to Industrialism, 1885–1914
(University of Chicago Press, 1957).

245
[Hofstadter on class anxieties]:
Hofstadter, p. 137.

246
[Ungers on development of progressivism]:
Unger and Unger, pp. 101–2.

[Immigration, migration, and population increases]:
Richard B. Morris, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American History
(Harper & Row, 1976), pp. 647–62.

246–47
[Urban crowding]:
Joel Arthur Tarr, “From City to Suburb: The ‘Moral’ Influence of Transportation Technology,” in Alexander B. Callow, Jr., ed.,
American Urban History,
2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 205–6; John A. Garraty,
The New Commonwealth
(Harper & Row, 1968), pp. 188–93.

247
[Chicago stink and stench]:
quoted in Garraty, p. 193.

248
[Industrialization of large American cities]:
Maury Klein and Harvey A. Kantor,
Prisoners of Progress: American Industrial Cities,
1850
–
1920
(Macmillan, 1976); Blake McKelvey,
The Urbanization of America
(Rutgers University Press, 1963); Sam Bass Warner, Jr.,
The Urban Wilderness
(Harper & Row, 1972), ch. 4; Allan R. Pred,
The Spatial Dynamics of U.S. Urban-Industrial Growth, 1800–1914: Interpretive and Theoretical Essays
(MIT Press, 1966).