American Experiment (124 page)

[Skepticism about the steamboat]:
quoted in Morgan, p. 140.

[Speed of the
Clermont
and the reactions of amazed bystanders]: ibid.,
p. 142.

[Fulton on his plans to use steamboat on the Mississippi River]: ibid.,
p. 143.

[Fulton’s early interest and training in navigation]: ibid,
pp. 41-42.

[Livingston’s New York State monopoly on steam navigation]:
Dorothy Gregg, “John Stevens, General Entrepreneur,” in Miller, p. 135.

[Description of building the
Clermont
]:
Louis C. Hunter,
Steamboats on the Western Waters
(Harvard University Press, 1949), p. 66.

[Comparatively low cost of steamboat construction]:
Gregg, p. 133.

[Livingston’s interest in steam navigation]:
Dangerfield, p. 287.

[Fulton’s careful study of records of other inventors in steam navigation]:
Morgan, pp. 156-58.

[Prohibitive cost of freight transport by wagon]:
Kirkland, p. 136.

[Settler digging clay from the middle of the road]:
Buley,· p. 459.

[Livingston’s influence in securing a monopoly of steam navigation on the lower Mississippi]:
Dangerfield, p. 417.

[Roosevelt’s difficulties in building the Mississippi steamboat]:
Morgan, pp. 168-69.

[Sinking of the
New Orleans
]:
Morgan, p. 170.

[Speed of the
Washington
as compared to keelboats]:
Buley, p. 413.

[Steamboats’ failures in transporting heavy freight]:
Buley, p. 427.

[Lincoln’s flatboat trip to New Orleans]:
Stephen B. Oates,
With Malice Toward None
(Harper & Row, 1977), pp. 14-15·

[Rise of cities on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers]:
Louis Bernard Schmidt, “Internal Commerce and the Development of National Economy before 1860,”
Journal of Political Economy,
Vol. 47, No. 6 (December 1939), pp 798-801.

[“Wedding of the waters” at Erie Canal celebration]:
Ronald E. Shaw,
Erie Water West: A History of the Erie Canal, 1792-1854
(University Press of Kentucky, 1966), pp. 186-91.

[Song
“
’Tis done...
”
]:
Madeline Sadler Waggoner,
The Long Haul West
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1958), p. 128.

[The Pennsylvania Canal]:
Kirkland, pp. 146-47; Waggoner, Ch. 11.

[Forman’s interview with Jefferson]:
David Hosack,
Memoir of De Witt Clinton
(J. Seymour, 1829), p. 347; Jefferson to Clinton, Dec. 12, 1822,
ibid.,
pp. 347-48.

[Robert Lamb on role of extended family in decision-making process]:
Lamb, p. 93.

[Broadus and Louise Mitchell on root-cutting technique]:
Broadus Mitchell and Louise Pearson Mitchell,
American Economic History
(Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 353.

[Role of state governments in economic development and promotion]:
Carter Goodrich
et al., Canals and American Economic Development
(Columbia University Press, 1961), passim; Roger L. Ransom, “Interregional Canals and Economic Specialization in the Antebellum United States,”
Explorations in Entrepreneurial History,
Second Series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Fall 1967), pp. 12-35.

[Elkanah Watson]:
Hugh M. Flick, “Elkanah Watson’s Activities on Behalf of Agriculture,”
Agricultural History,
Vol. 21, No. 4 (October 1947), pp. 193-98; Watson is quoted at p. 194.

[Appeal of Erie Canal proposal to group interests]:
Julius Rubin, “An Innovating Public Improvement: The Erie Canal,” in Goodrich, quoted at pp. 53-54.

[The new triangle of trade]:
Schmidt, p. 821; see also Douglass C. North, “The United States in the International Economy, 1790-1850,” in Seymour E. Harris, ed.,
American Economic History
(McGraw-Hill, 1961), pp. 181-205.

[“Impersonal” economic forces dominating the marketplace]:
Zevin, passim.

[Migration west]:
Oscar Handlin,
The Americans
(Atlantic Monthly Press, 1963), Ch. 14; Harry J. Carman, Harold C. Syrett, and Bernard W. Wishy,
A History of the American People
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1964), Vol. 1, Ch. 12; Ray Allen Billington,
Westward Expansion
(Macmillan, 1960).

[Morris Birkbeck on the small family wagons]:
quoted in Carman, Syrett, and Wishy, p. 361.

[Hollidaysburg
Aurora
on the Allegheny Portage Railroad trip]:
quoted in Madeline Sadler Waggoner,
The Long Haul West
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1958), pp. 196-97.

[Sights and sounds of the Erie Canal]:
Waggoner, p. 155; my description of passing through the canal is mainly drawn from this work; and from Ronald E. Shaw,
Erie Water West
(University Press of Kentucky, 1966).

[Dickens on canal-barge life]:
Waggoner, pp. 152, 153.

[Spitting]:
Edward Pessen,
Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics
(Dorsey Press, 1969), p. 23.
[Mrs. Trollope on shucking]: ibid.,
p. 23.

[Individualism on the frontier]:
Ray Allen Billington,
The American Frontier Thesis: Attack and Defense
(American Historical Association, 1958), p. 36.

[ Westerners as outsiders]:
Frederic Austin Ogg,
The Old Northwest: A Chronicle of the Ohio Valley and Beyond
(Yale University Press, 1919), pp. 101-2; see also Robert E. Riegel and Robert G. Athearn,
America Moves West,
4th ed. (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964), pp. 78-80.

[Contradictions of frontier people]:
Pessen, pp. 34-35.

[Character of frontier people]:
see also Louis B. Wright,
Culture on the Moving Frontier
(Indiana University Press, 1955); Marvin Meyers,
The Jacksonian Persuasion
(Stanford University Press, 1957); Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds.,
Turner and the Socialogy of the Frontier
(Basic Books, 1968); Robert E. Riegel,
Young America,
1830-1840
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1949); Dale Van Every,
The Final Challenge
(William Morrow, 1964).

[Andrew Jackson’s life and character]:
Marquis James,
Andrew Jackson: Portrait of a President
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1937); Michael Paul Rogin,
Fathers and Children: Andrew Jackson and the Subjugation of the American Indian
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1975); Robert V. Remini,
Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767-1821
(Harper
&
Row, 1977)

[Polk on the “American tripod”]:
James K. Polk, in the House of Representatives, March 29, 1830, 21st Congress, 1st session,
Register of Debates,
pp. 698-99, quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Age of Jackson
(Little, Brown, 1945), p. 62.

[The Jackson men as insiders and outsiders]:
Pessen, Ch. 8, passim. See also Sydney H. Aronson,
Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service
(Harvard University Press, 1964).

[Jackson’s comments on the “corrupt bargain”]:
Jackson to John Coffee, Feb. 19, 1825, in John Spencer Bassett, ed.,
Correspondence of Andrew Jackson
(Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1928), Vol. 3, pp. 277-78; Jackson to James Buchanan, June 25, 1825,
ibid.,
p. 287.

[Election of 1828]:
Robert V. Remini,
The Election of Andrew Jackson
(Lippincott, 1963); Edward Pessen,
New Perspectives on Jacksonian Parties and Politics
(Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1969); Robert V. Remini, “Election of 1828,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(Chelsea House, 1971),Vol. 1, pp. 413-92. On New York State and national aspects of the campaign. I have used the John W. Taylor Papers, New-York Historical Society: the Amariah Flagg Collection, Columbia University Library; and the A. C. Flagg Papers, New York Public Library For a Massachusetts Whig view, see the Edward Everett Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Box 3, Folders 1 and 2.

[Calhoun on prospects for 1838]:
Calhoun to Jackson, Jan. 24, 1827, Bassett, Vol. 3, p. 332.

[ Van Buren on a North-South coalition and reorganization of the old Republican party ]:
Remini in Schlesinger,
Elections,
Vol. 1, p. 417.

[“Hurra Boys” for Jackson]:
Remini,
Election,
p. 111.

[Campaign slander and abuse]:
Remini in Schlesinger, passim; Clyndon G. Van Deuscn,
The Jacksonian Era
(Harper & Brothers, 1959). pp. 26-27.

[Jackson’s marriage to Rachel Robards]:
Remini,
Jackson and the Course of American Empire,
Ch. 5.

[Reactions to the 1828 election outcome]:
Remini, in Schlesinger,
Elections,
p. 434.

[Webster on Jackson’s “breeze”]:
Daniel Webster to Ezekiel Webster, inclosure, Feb. 1829, in C. H. Van Tync, ed.,
Letters of Daniel Webster
(McClure, Phillips, 1902), p. 142.

[Randolph on finding leaders of a revolution]:
John Randolph to J. Brockenbrough, Jan. 12, 1829, Feb. 9, 1829, in Hugh A. Garland,
Life of John Randolph of Roanoke
(D. Appleton, 1855), Vol. 2, p. 317.

[New York politico on patronage]:
William L. Mackenzie,
The Lives and Opinions of Benj’n Franklin Butler… and Jesse Hoyt
(Cook, 1845), pp. 51-52.

[Van Buren besieged by job seekers]:
Martin Van Buren,
The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren
(Government Printing Office, 1920),
Annual Report
of the American Historical Association for the Year 1918, Vol. 2, pp. 231-32.

[Parton on wave of fear]:
James Parton,
Life of Andrew Jackson
(Mason Brothers, 1860), Vol. 3, p. 212.

[Adams on the officialdom in terror]:
Charles Francis Adams, ed.,
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams
(Lippincott, 1876), Vol. 8, p. 144 (April 25, 1829).

[Conversation of two job seekers]:
Amos Kendall,
Autobiography,
William Stickney, ed. (Lee and Shepard, 1872), p. 308.

[Jackson’s appointment policy]:
Aronson, passim.

[Jackson’s defense of removals]:
James D. Richardson,
Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents
(Bureau of National Literature, 1897), Vol. 2, pp. 1011-12 (Dec. 8, 1829).

[Madison on rotation]:
Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The Writings of James Madison
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), Vol. 9, pp. 539-40 (Aug. 29, 1834).

[Jackson’s Cabinet]:
Leonard D. White,
The Jacksonians
(Macmillan, 1956), Ch. 5.

[Jackson’s “kitchen cabinet”]:
Richard P. Longaker, “Was Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet a Cabinet?”
The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,
Vol. 44, No. 1 (June 1957), pp. 94-108.

[Blair filling columns with “public opinion”]:
Harriet Martineau,
Retrospect of Western Travel
(Harper & Brothers, 1838), Vol. 1, p. 155.

[Jackson on not making a cabinet for the ladies]:
Jackson to J. C. McLemore, April 1, 1829, Andrew Jackson Papers, Library of Congress, 2nd Series.

[Clay on Jackson sweeping over the government like a tornado]: Register of Debates
(Gales and Seaton, 1837), Vol. 13, 24th Congress, 2nd session, Jan. 16, 1837, p. 438.

[The Webster-Hayne debate]:
Claude M. Fuess,
Daniel Webster
(Da Capo Press, 1968), Vol. 1, Ch. 15; Theodore D. Jervey,
Robert Y. Hayne and His Times
(Macmillan, 1909), Chs. 9-14; Charles M. Wiltse,
John C. Calhoun, Nullifier,1829-1839
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1949), Ch. 4.

[Hayne on “selfish and unprincipled” East]: ibid.,
p. 365.

[Webster’s statements before the climactic debate]:
quoted in Fuess, pp. 372, 374.

[Economic, social, and political change in South Carolina]:
Charles S. Sydnor,
The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819-1848
(Louisiana State University Press, 1948), passim; William W. Freehling,
Prelude to Civil War
(Harper & Row, 1965), Part 1.

[Pinckney on slavery]:
Freehling, p. 109.

[Calhoun’s “South Carolina Exposition ”]:
Richard K. Crallé, ed.,
Reports and Public Letters of John C Calhoun
(D. Appleton, 1855), Vol. 6, pp. 1-59 (consisting of original draft of the Exposition, adopted with alterations by the South Carolina Legislature, Dec. 1828), passim.

[Webster on the cry of “Consolidation.”]: The Writings and Speeches of Daniel Webster,
National Edition (Little, Brown, 1903), Vol. 5, p. 257.

[Webster’s sense of audience response in the Senate]:
Webster to Jeremiah Mason, Feb. 27, 1830, in Charles M. Wiltse, ed.,
The Papers of Daniel Webster, Correspondence 1830–1834
(University Press of New England, 1977), Vol. 3, pp. 18–19; Fuess, Vol. 1, p. 374.
[Bay State men cry over “encomium upon Massachusetts”]:
Fuess, p. 378.

[Webster’s climactic words]: Register of Debates
(Gales and Seaton, 1830), Vol. 6, 21st Congress, 1st session, Jan. 27, 1830, pp. 58-80.

[The toasts at the Indian Queen Hotel]:
Van Buren,
Autobiography,
pp. 413-17; Freehling, p. 192.

[Emerson on Webster]: The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson,
eds. E. W. Emerson and W. E. Forbes (Houghton Mifflin, 1912), Vol. 7, p. 87.

[Henry Clay and the Maysville Turnpike]:
Clement Eaton,
Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics
(Little, Brown, 1957). pp. 10, 96-97.

[Webster on the coming crisis]:
Webster to Clay, May 29, 1830, in Wiltse,
Papers of Daniel Webster,
Vol. 3, p. 80.

[Van Buren on Mrs. Eaton]:
Van Buren to Jackson, July 25, 1830, quoted in John A. Munroe,
Louis McLane: Federalist and Jacksonian
(Rutgers University Press, 1973). p. 293·