American Experiment (122 page)

[Clay on being surrounded by a British garrison]:
Clay to William H. Crawford, July 2, 1814,
ibid.,
p. 939.

[Gallatin on the lot of 100,000 American citizens in the proposed buffer area]:
Bryce, p. 28 (diary entry of Aug. 8, 1814).

[Wellington on American naval power on the Great Lakes]:
Thomas A. Bailey,
A Diplomatic History of the American People
(F. S. Crofts, 1941), p. 150 (Wellington to Castlercagh, Nov. 9, 1814).

[“Dreadful day” and Wellington’s alleged note to Gallatin]:
Bryce, p. 34 (diary entry of Nov. 28, 1814); see also pp. 34-35 (diary entry of Dec. 12, 1814).

[Bailey on the treaty as a truce of exhaustion]:
Bailey, pp. 151-52.

[Concluding festivities]:
Bryce, pp. 35-36 (diary entries of Dec. 24, 1814, Christmas Day, 1814); see also Adams,
Memoirs,
Vol. 3, pp. 127, 131, 137-39.

[Niles’ Weekly Register
and New York
Evening Post
on the news from Ghent]:
quoted in Bailey, pp. 154-55.
[The treaty of Ghent as one of the most popular of treaties]: ibid,
p. 155.

[London
Times
laments treaty]:
quoted in Glenn Tucker,
Poltroons and Patriots
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1954), Vol. 2, p. 671.

[Disarmament of the Great Lakes]:
Burt, quoted at p. 388.

[Madison’s message to Congress]:
December 5, 1815, Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The Writings of James Madison
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908), Vol. 8, pp. 337-38.

[John Randolph versus a national bank]:
quoted in William Cabell Bruce,
John Randolph of Roanoke
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1922), Vol. 1, p. 431.

[Williams on Gallatin’s reports]:
William Appleman Williams,
The Contours of American History
(World, 1961).

[Madison’s shifting economic views]:
Madison to D. Lynch, June 27, 1817, Hunt, Vol. 8, P· 392

[The Second United States Bank]:
Bray Hammond,
Banks and Politics in America
(Princeton University Press, 1957), esp. Ch. 9.

[Madison on America’s fortieth year as an independent nation]:
Eighth Annual Message, Dec. 3, 1816, Hunt, Vol. 8, pp. 375-85, 383-84.

[Clay on the establishment of the national character]:
Clay to Officials of the City of Washington, Sept. 18, 1815, Hopkins, Vol. 2 (1961), p. 63.

[Monroe on the experiment of war]:
quoted in Harry Ammon,
The Quest for National Identity,
(McGraw-Hill, 1971), p. 344.

[New York State politics]:
Shaw Livermore, Jr.,
The Twilight of Federalism
(Princeton University Press, 1962).

[Monroe’s Inaugural Address, March 4, 1817]:
Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed.,
The Writings of James Monroe
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), Vol. 6, pp. 6-16.

[Monroe on parties as unnecessary]:
Monroe to Andrew Jackson, Dec. 14, 1816, Hamilton, Vol. 5, p. 346.

[Monroe on inviting Federalists to rejoin the “family of the union”]:
Rives Papers, July 27, 1817, Library of Congress, quoted in Ammon, p. 377.

[Biddle on the follies of faction]:
quoted in Ammon, p. 367.

[Clay on “entrance of the sovereign”]:
Henry Clay, “Speech on Internal Improvements,” March 7, 1818, Hopkins, Vol. 2, p. 452.

[Clay on Monroe’s constitutional arguments]: ibid,
March 13, 1818, p. 483.

[Clay on Monroe’s anti-party beliefs]: ibid.,
March 7, 1818, p. 452.

[Bank politics and comments]:
Hammond, Chs. 9 and 10, quoted at p. 259.

[Politics of slavery]:
Clover Moore,
The Missouri Controversy
(University Press of Kentucky, 1966); Donald L. Robinson,
Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, 1765-1820
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).

[Role of Rep. James Tallmadge]:
James Tallmadge Papers, New-York Historical Society; see also John W. Taylor Papers, New-York Historical Society.

[Moore on the nature of the North-South agreement]:
Moore, p. 111.

[Jefferson on the fire bell in the night and having the wolf by the ears]:
Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in Paul Leicester Ford,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), Vol. 10, p. 157.

[Madison on Spanish hostility toward his administration]:
Madison to John Graham, circa June 1, 1816, Hunt, Vol. 8, p. 345.

[East and West Florida as a pistol aimed at the Mississippi]:
Bemis, p. 302.

[Conversation between Adams and Castlereagh]:
Bemis, p. 304. I have used Bemis’ rendition of Adams’ indirect quotation of these (and other) conversations into direct quotations, drawn from Adams’
Memoirs.
I have also retained Bemis’ italics.

[Turmoil in Florida]:
Bailey, pp. 167-68.

[The Seminoles]:
see Robert Spencer Cotterill,
The Southern Indians
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1954); Edwin C. McReynolds,
The Seminoles
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1957); John R. Swanton,
Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors,
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 73 (Government Printing Office, 1922).

[Jackson to Monroe on seizing Florida]:
quoted in George Dangerfield,
The Awakening of American Nationalism
(Harper & Row, 1965), p. 46; see also Bemis, pp. 313-14.

[Rush reports English resentment toward Jackson]:
Bailey, pp. 169-70.

[
Niles’ Weekly Register
on Jackson’s popularity]: ibid.,
p. 170.

[Clay’s views]:
see esp. Clay’s speech in the House of Representatives on the Seminole War, Jan. 20, 1819, Hopkins, Vol. 2, pp. 636-60.

[Monroe on his three main goals after the Florida incursion]:
Monroe to James Madison, Feb. 7, 1819, Hamilton, Vol. 6, pp. 87-88.

[Adams-Onís negotiations]:
see Philip Coolidge Brooks,
Diplomacy and the Borderlands: The Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
(University of California Press, 1939).

[Adams on the most important day of his life]:
Adams,
Memoirs,
Feb. 22, 1819, Vol. 4, p. 274.

[Internal British politics and foreign policy prior to the Monroe Doctrine]:
Dangerfield, Ch. 5, passim. See also Bemis, Ch. 18.

[Canning’s proffer of Anglo-American cooperation]:
see esp. Richard Rush to John Quincy Adams, Sept. 19, 1823, Hamilton, Vol. 6, pp. 377-86.

[Madison on liberty and despotism]:
Madison to Jefferson, Nov. 1, 1823,
ibid.,
pp. 395-96.

[Cabinet discussion of proposed Anglo-American cooperation]:
Adams,
Memoirs,
Vol 6, pp. 177-81, as rendered by Bemis, pp. 384-85. Italics are Bemis’.

[Expectation that European powers will not interfere in America]:
Adams, quoted in Bemis, p. 387.

[Key provisions of the Monroe Doctrine]:
Hamilton, Vol. 6, pp. 328, 340, italics added.

[European response to enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine]:
quoted in Dangerfield, p. 190; in Bailey, p. 189 (Metternich); in Bemis, p. 403 n. (Lafayette to John Quincy Adams).

[Economic aspects of the Monroe Doctrine]:
Williams, esp. pp. 215-18.

[The Monroe Doctrine]:
Dexter Perkins,
A History of the Monroe Doctrine
(Little, Brown, 1955); Donald Marquand Dozer,
The Monroe Doctrine: Its Modern Significance
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1965); Worthington C. Ford, “John Quincy Adams and the Monroe Doctrine,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 7, No. 4 (July 1902). pp. 676-96; William S. Robertson, “The Monroe Doctrine Abroad in 1823-24,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 6, No. 4 (November 1912), pp. 546-63; Marie B. Hecht,
John Quincy Adams
(Macmillan, 1972), Ch. 15.

[Salvador de Madariaga on the Monroe Doctrine]:
quoted in Dozer, p. vii.

[Sources and dilemmas in American foreign policy and strategy]:
Hans J. Morgenthau,
in Defense of the National Interest
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1952); Felix Gilbert,
To the Farewell Address
(Princeton University Press, 1961); Paul A. Varg,
Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers
(Michigan State University Press, 1963); Robert E. Osgood,
Ideals and Self-interest in America’s Foreign Relations
(University of Chicago Press, 1953).

[Hamilton on morality of nations]:
quoted in Morgenthau, pp. 14-18, italics in original.

[Morgenthau on John Quincy Adams]:
Morgenthau, p. 22.

[The Crawford incident]:
diary entry of John Quincy Adams. Dec. 14, 1825, Adams,
Memoirs,
Vol. 7, pp. 80-81; Samuel L. Southard to Samuel L. Gouverneur, Sept. 3, 1831, quoted in Ammon, pp. 543-44.

[Description of Jefferson in his last years]:
quoted in Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson
(Thomas Yoseloff, 1951), p. 997.

[The Virginia environment and history]:
Matthew Page Andrews,
Virginia: The Old Dominion
(Doubleday, Doran, 1937); Edmund S. Morgan,
Virginians at Home
(Colonial Williamsburg. 1952); Louis D. Rubin, Jr.,
Virginia
(W. W. Norton, 1977); Richard L. Morton,
.Colonial Virginia
(University of North Carolina Press, i960). Vol. 2.

[Virginia, social and political aspects]:
Robert E. Brown and Katherine Brown,
Virginia 1705-1786: Democracy or Aristocracy?
(Michigan State University Press, 1964); Abbot Emerson Smith,
Colonists in Bondage
(University of North Carolina Press, 1947).

[Collective intellectual leadership in Virginia]:
Richard Beale Davis,
Intellectual Life in Jefferson’s Virginia
(University of North Carolina Press, 1964), p. 4.

[Robert Carter’s library]:
Louis Morton,
Robert Carter of Nomini Hall
(University Press of Virginia, 1945), pp. 214-16.
[Bernard visit]: ibid.,
p. 216.

[Never be born than ill bred]:
quoted in Davis, p. 8; see also Andrews, p. 255, on private schools.

[Morton on “curious contradiction”]:
Morton, p. 214.

[Henry Adams on the excellence of upper-class education in Virginia]:
quoted in Davis, p. 1.

[Individual education]:
Morgan, pp. 16-18.

[William and Mary]:
Andrews, p. 323.

[School of Virginia Federalists]:
David H. Fischer,
The Revolution of American Conservatism
(Harper & Row, 1965), pp. 370-87.

[Life of John Randolph ]:
Robert Dawidoff,
The Education of John Randolph
(W. W. Norton, 1979.

[Malone’s description of Randolph]:
Dumas Malone, ed.,
Dictionary of American Biography
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932), Vol. 8, p. 366.

[Randolph’s philosophy]:
Dawidoff, pp. 32-33.

[Marshall in
McCulloch
v.
Maryland]: quoted in Richard B. Morris, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American History,
rev. ed. (Harper & Row, 1961), p. 158.
[Ruling in
Gibbons
v.
Ogden]:
ibid,,
p. 489.

[The Yazoo claims and
Fletcher
v.
Peck]: C. Peter Magrath,
Yazoo: Law and Politics in the New Republic
(Brown University Press, 1966).

[Randolph denounces Yazooists]: ibid.,
p. 46.

[Marshall on Georgia’s obligations]: ibid.,
p. 78.

[Madison’s definition of tyranny]:
James Madison
etal, The Federalist
(E.P. Dutton, 1937), No. 47, p. 245.

[First- and second-generation intellectual leadership in Virginia, in relation to constitutional experimentation and development]:
Davis, passim; Brown and Brown, passim; John T. Agresto, “Liberty, Virtue, and Republicanism: 1776-1787,”
Review of Politics,
Vol. 39, No. 4 (October 1977), pp. 473-504; George W. Carey, “Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 72, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 151-64; Richard W. Krouse, “Two Concepts of Democratic Republicanism: Madison and Tocqueville on Pluralism and Party in American Politics,” paper prepared for delivery at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1977; Clinton Rossiter,
The American Quest, 1790-1860
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).

This section was written with the assistance of Jeffrey P. Trout.

I have used this same title as a section title to describe James Madison’s presidency, in
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963). I now consider this title more appropriate for John Quincy Adams’ presidency.

[William Plumer’s electoral vote for John Quincy Adams in 1820]:
Samuel Flagg Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), p. 12.

[J.Q. Adams on William Crawford as a “worm,” etc. ]: ibid.,
p. 16, or Adams,
Memoirs,
Vol. 5, p. 315. ·

[Preliminary developments, election of

1824
]: James F. Hopkins, “Election of 1824,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections
(McGraw-Hill, 1971), Vol. 1, pp. 349-409; Hecht, Ch. 16; Bemis,
John Quincy Adams and the Union,
Ch. 2; Hopkins, Vol. 3, passim.

[Schoolteacher’s comment on the election]:
Henry D. Ward to Ephraim Cutler, April 14, 1824, quoted in Dangerfield, p. 220.

[Results of 1824 presidential election]:
Svend Petersen,
A Statistical History of the American Presidential Elections
(Frederick Ungar, 1963), pp. 17-18.

[Dangerfield on Clay’s boardinghouse electioneering]:
Dangerfield, p. 224.