American Experiment (118 page)

[The Jay Treaty ]:
Jerald A. Combs,
The Jay Treaty
(University of California Press, 1970).
[Washington on reception of the Jay Treaty]:
Private letter to Hamilton, July 29, 1795, Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 34, p. 262.

[Washington on his knowledge of the Constitution]:
address to the House of Representatives, March 30, 1796, in Worthington C. Ford, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892), Vol. 13, pp. 177-80.
[Madison’s response]:
speech in Congress, April 6, 1796, Hunt, Vol. 6, p. 272.

[Other sources]:
Paul A. Varg,
Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers
(Michigan State University Press, 1963); Alexander DeConde,
Entangling Alliance
(Duke University Press, 1958); Gilbert L. Lycan,
Alexander Hamilton and American Foreign Policy
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1970); Albert H. Bowman, “Jefferson, Hamilton and American Foreign Policy,”
Political Science Quarterly,
Vol. 71, No. 1 (March 1956), pp. 18-41.

[John Adams in Quincy]:
Page Smith,
John Adams
(Doubleday, 1962),Vol. 2, pp. 894-97.
[Thomas Jefferson at Monticello]:
Nathan Schachner,
Thomas Jefferson
(Appleton·Century-Crofts, 1951), p. 576.

[Jefferson’s alleged lack of ambition to govern men and his hope to come in second to Adams]:
Jefferson to Rutledge, December 27, 1796, in Paul Leicester Ford,
ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1896), Vol. 7, p. 94.

[Hamilton’s effort to “waste” Adams’ support]:
Leonard Baker,
John Marshall: A Life in Law
(Macmillan, 1974), p. 212; George A. Billias,
Elbridge Gerry
(McGraw-Hill, lg76), pp. 249-53.

[Bache on Washington]:
quoted in Smith, p. 909.

[Washington on criticism of himself]:
Letter to Thomas Jefferson, July 6, 1796, in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(Government Printing Office, 1939), Vol. 35, pp· 118-22.

[President John Adams]:
Zoltan Haraszli,
John Adams and the Prophets of Progress
(Harvard University Press, 1952); John Adams,
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America
(1787), 2 vols.; John Adams Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston; Smith, passim.

[Adams’ view of liberty]:
Russell Kirk,
The Conservative Mind
(Henry Regnery, 1953), pp. 86-87.

[Philadelphia background]:
Louis B. Wright,
The Atlantic Frontier
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1947); Frederick B. Tolles,
Meeting House and Counting House
(University of North Carolina Press, 1948); Carl Bridenbaugh,
Cities in Revolt
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1955); Carl and Jessica Bridenbaugh,
Rebels and Gentlemen
(Reynal & Hitchcock, 1942); James Lemon, “Urbanization and Development of Eighteenth Century Southeastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Delaware,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 24, No. 4 (October 1967), pp. 501-42.

[Adams on City Tavern]:
Smith, p. 168.

[Philadelphia’s “firm adherence” to liberty]:
Richard B. Morris, “Independence,” Government Printing Office (for National Park Service), 1976.

[The historic city]:
Richard B. Morris, “Independence” (Government Printing Office, 1976).
[Franklin Court]:
Robert H. Wilson,
Franklin Court
(Swarthmore Press, 1976).

[Minister quoted on outspoken laborers]:
Jacob Duché, quoted in Bridenbaugh, p. 99.

[William Penn on education]:
quoted in Wright, p. 245.

[The Philadelphia press]:
Margaret Woodbury,
Public Opinion in Philadelphia, 1789-1801
(Seaman Printery, l9l·9)·

[
Aurora
editor on no news in Philadelphia]:
quoted in
ibid.,
pp. 7-8.

[William Penn on need of civil liberties]:
quoted in Jack P. Greene, ed.,
Settlements to Society, 1584-1763
(McGraw-Hill, 1966), p. 170, reprinted from
Minutes
of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, Vol. 2, pp. 56-59.

[Du Bois on the condition of blacks in Philadelphia]:
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois,
The Philadelphia Negro
(first published 1899) (Benjamin Blom, 1967), pp. 11, 15.

[Income distribution in Philadelphia]:
Richard G. Miller,
Philadelphia
—
The Federalist City
(Kennikat Press, 1976), Ch. 1.

[Division of the classes into “the cream, the new milk …”]:
quoted in Thomas Scharf and Thompson Westcott,
History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884
(L. H. Everts, 1884), Vol. 2, p. 910; see also Bruce Laurie,
Working People of Philadelphia, 1800-1850
(Temple University Press, 1980).

[Warner on the private search for wealth]:
Sam Bass Warner, Jr.,
The Private City
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968), p. x.

[Franklin on the pains of the moment]:
quoted in Bernard Fay,
Franklin: The Apostle of Modern Times
(Little, Brown, 1929), p. 511.

[Franklin on making experiments]:
quoted in Verner W. Crane,
Benjamin Franklin and a Rising People
(Little, Brown, 1954), p. 201.

[Tom Paine and his fellow radicals]:
Eric Foner,
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
(Oxford University Press, 1976), passim; Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine
(Citadel, 1945). 2 vols.; see also Joseph Dorfman, “The Economic Philosophy of Thomas Paine,”
Political Science Quarterly,
Vol. 53, No. 3 (September 1938), pp. 372-86; Howard Penniman, “Thomas Paine—Democrat,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 37, No. 2 (April 1943), pp. 244-62.

[Bailyn on Paine’s
Common Sense
]:
Bernard Bailyn, “Common Sense,”
American Heritage,
Vol. 25, No. 1 (December 1973), p. 36.

[English constitutional thought and the social and political balances]:
aside from the standard editions of Hobbes, Locke, Filmer, etc., and of secondary and tertiary thinkers such as Charles Herle and Marchamont Nedham, see W. B. Gwyn,
The Meaning of the Separation of Powers
(Tulane University Press, 1965) and M. J. C. Vile,
Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers
(Clarendon Press, 1967).

[Nedham on freedom]:
quoted in Gwyn, p. 22.

[Farmers and “leathern aprons” being more reasonable]:
quoted in Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic
(University of North Carolina Press, 1969), p. 86.

[Foner on Paine’s rejection of governmental checks and balances]:
Eric Foner, p. 91.

[The colonial gentry’s loss of power]:
Miller, p. 20.

[Radical and anti-radical debate over the Pennsylvania constitution of 1776]:
quoted in Wood, pp. 442, 431, 441, 430; the last two citations refer to quotations of Benjamin Rush.

[Pennsylvania’s struggle over the Constitution of 1776]:
Miller, Ch. 2.

[Foreign affairs at the time John Adams entered the presidency]:
Alexander DeConde,
The Quasi-War
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1966), Ch. 1. See also Alfred L. Burt,
The United States, Great Britain and British North America, 1783-1812
(Yale University Press, 1940).

[Adams’ inaugural warning]:
Walter Lowrie and Matthew St. Clair Clarke, eds.,
American State Papers, Foreign Relations
(Gales and Seaton, 1832), Vol. 1, p. 39.

121
[Adams’ Cabinet]:
Manning J. Dauer,
The Adams Federalists
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1953), esp. pp. 121-24; Gerard H. Garfield,
Timothy Pickering and American
Diplomacy, 1795-1800
(University of Missouri Press, 1969); Bernard C. Steiner,
The Life and Correspondence of James McHenry
(Burrows Brothers, 1907).

[Hamilton’s advising of Adams’ Cabinet]:
Harold C. Syrett, ed.,
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
(Columbia University Press, 1962), Vol. 20 (fall 1796 and early winter 1797).

[Mission of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry]:
Dauer, pp. 124 ff.; DeConde, Ch. 1.
[On Elbridge Gerry]:
Billias; Samuel Eliot Morison, “Elbridge Gerry, Gentleman-Democrat,”
By Land and By Sea
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1953).
[John Marshall]:
Baker;
[C. C. Pinckney]:
Marvin R. Zahniser,
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
(University of North Carolina Press, 1967).

[Talleyrand as a “cloven footed Devil”]:
quoted in DeConde, p. 179.
[Pinckney’s response to Talleyrand]:
Alexander DeConde,
A History of American Foreign Policy
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1963), p. 68; Lowrie and Clarke, Vol. 2, pp. 161-62.

[John and Abigail Adams at home]:
Smith, Ch. 72.

[Pickering on Gerry]:
John C. Miller,
The Federalist Era
(Harper & Row, 1960), p. 214.

[Adams’ message to Congress]:
Lowrie and Clarke, Vol. 2, p. 199.

[Hamilton as Washington’s second-in-command]:
see Washington to the Secretary of War, July 4, 1798, Fitzpatrick, Vol. 36, pp. 304-1l, plus other references in the Washington and Hamilton papers.

[John Adams’ gloomiest summer]:
Smith, p. 985.

[Political invective and extremism of 1790s]:
James Morton Smith,
Freedom’s Fetters
(Cornell University Press, 1956), pp. 101-4, 116.

[Naturalization Act]: ibid.,
p. 435. Appendix includes entire act.
[Federalist fear of immigrants]:
John C. Miller,
Crisis in Freedom
(Little, Brown, 1951), p. 44.
[Jefferson denounces Alien Bill]:
Smith,
Fetters,
p. 53.

[Sedition Act]: ibid.,
pp. 441-42. Complete act in appendix.

[Ardent ambition of Harrison Gray Otis]:
Samuel E. Morison,
Harrison Gray Otis, 1765-1848: The Urbane Federalist
(Houghton Mifflin, 1969), p. 101.

[Washington supports acts in general]:
Marshall Smelser, “George Washington and the Alien and Sedition Acts,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 59, No. 2 (January 1954), pp. 322-34, esp. p. 333; see also Washington to Alexander Spotswood, Nov. 22, 1798, Fitzpatrick, Vol. 37, pp. 23-24.

[Hamilton’s attitude toward Sedition Act]:
John C. Miller,
Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox
(Harper & Brothers, 1959), p. 484.
[Adams and Jefferson, on act]: ibid.

[Bill induces some foreigners to leave]:
Frank M. Anderson, “The Enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Laws,”
Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1912,
pp. 115-26.

[Abigail Adams resents Bache]:
Smith,
Fetters,
p. 9.

[Act enforced in New England]: ibid.,
p. 187.
[High percentage of convictions]:
Leonard W. Levy,
Legacy of Suppression
(Belknap Press, 1960), p. 131.

[Bache case]:
Smith,
Fetters,
pp. 188-204, quoted at pp. 192, 198, 203.

[Baldwin case]: ibid.,
p. 271, italics added.
[Newark newspaper on liberty]: ibid.,
p. 272.

[Cooper case]:
Miller,
Crisis,
pp. 202-10.
[Adams on Cooper’s “libel”]:
Smith,
Fetters,
p. 311.

[Federalists on Sedition Act]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 231.

[Debate over constitutionality of Alien and Sedition Acts]:
see Mark D. Howe, review of Smith’s
Freedom’s Fetters,
in
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 13, No. 4 (October 1956), pp. 573-76.

[
Kentucky Gazette
calls for mass meeting]:
James M. Smith, “The Grass Roots Origins of the Kentucky Resolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 27, No. 2 (April 1970), p. 222.

[Jefferson on nullification of assumed, undelegated powers]:
Schachner, Vol. 2, p. 611.
[Smith on “practical politics”]:
Smith, “Grass Roots,” p. 239.

[Virginia resolution]:
Irving Brant,
James Madison: Father of the Constitution. 1787-1800
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1950), p. 461.

[Central argument of the resolutions]:
Frank M. Anderson, “Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions,”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 5, No. 2 (December 1899). pp. 225-52.

[Washington on Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions]:
Fitzpatrick, Vol. 37, p. 87 (confidential letter to Patrick Henry, Jan. 15, 1799).
[Abigail Adams on “mad” resolutions]:
Smith,
John Adams,
Vol. 2, p. 998.
[Hamilton suggests sending troops]:
Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, Feb. 2, 1799, Syrett, Vol. 22, pp. 452-53.

See also Richard Hofstadter,
The Idea of a Party System
(University of California Press, 1969), Chs. 2 and 3; Richard Buel, Jr., “Freedom of the Press in Revolutionary America: The Evolution of Libertarianism, 1760-1820,” in Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench, eds.,
The Press and the American Revolution
(American Antiquarian Society, 1980), pp. 59-97.

[George Washington’s death
]: John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Diaries of George Washington
(Houghton Mifflin, 1925), Vol. 4, p. 320; James Thomas Flexner,
Washington: The Indispensable Man
(Little, Brown, 1969), pp. 392, 396-402.

[Origins and early shaping of the American party system]:
Major sources consulted include: Hofstadter; Roy F. Nichols,
The Invention of the American Political Parties
(Macmillan, 1967); Noble E. Cunningham, Jr.,
The Jeffersonian Republicans
(University of North Carolina Press, 1957); Joseph Charles,
The Origins of the American Party System
(Institute of Early American History and Culture, 1956]: Morton Borden,
Parties and Politics in the Early Republic, 1789-1815
(Thomas Y. Crowell, 1967); William Nisbet Chambers,
Political Parties in a New Nation
(Oxford University Press, 1963); a collection of essays, Norman K. Risjord,
The Early American Party System
(Harper & Row, 1969).