American Experiment (116 page)

[John Jay to Washington on Virginia victory]:
July 4, 1788, John Jay Papers.

[Madison insists on “one adoption”]:
Miller,
Hamilton,
p. 214.

[AntiFederalists’amendments]: John Jay
to Washington, July 18, 1787, and July 23, 1787, John Jay Papers.

[The parade in New York City]:
Miller,
Hamilton,
p. 213.

[“Women of the republic”]:
term from Linda K. Kerber,
Women of the Republic
(University of North Carolina Press, 1980).

[Women’s roles during this period]:
see Kerber, esp. Chs. 4 and 9; Mary Sumner Benson,
Women in Eighteenth-Century America: A Study of Opinion and Social Usage
(Columbia University Press, 1935); Pauline Maier,
The Old Revolutionaries
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1980).

[Mercy Otis Warren]:
Vera O. Laska,
“Remember the Ladies”
—
Outstanding Women of the American Revolution
(Commonwealth of Massachusetts Bicentennial Commission, May 1976), pp. 36-60;
Notable American Women;
Kerber, Chs. 3 and 8.

[Warren as a playwright who probably never saw a play]:
Laska, p. 45.

[Warren’s rationale for wider participation by women]:
quoted in Kerber, pp. 83-84.

[Warren’s authorship of attack on the Constitution]:
Mercy Warren to Catharine Macaulay, Sept. 28, 1787, and Dec. 18, 1787, Mercy Warren Letterbook, Massachusetts Historical Society; Charles Warren, “Elbridge Gerry, James Warren, Mercy Warren and the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in Massachusetts,”
Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings,
Vol. 64 (June 1932), pp. 143-64.

[Warren’s attack]:
“Observations on the new constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions. By a Columbian Patriot,” Richard Henry Lee, ed. (Quadrangle Books, 1962), pp. 1-19.

[Quotations from “Observations …”]:
pp. 1, 8, 19, 3, resp.

[Warren on “liberty delights the ear”]:
Mercy Warren to Catharine Macaulay, July 29, 1779, Mercy Warren Letterbook, Massachusetts Historical Society.

[Framers defend social pluralism]:
Madison to Jefferson, Oct. 24, 1787, Hunt, Vol. 5, pp. 17-41.

[Governmental tyranny]:
George W. Carey, “Separation of Powers and the Madisonian Model: A Reply to the Critics,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 72, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 151-64.

[Pinckney on the one order of Commons]:
Charles C. Tansill, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States
(Government Printing Office, 1927). p. 273.

[Problem of representation in the Constitution]:
Jean Yarbrough, “Thoughts on the
Federalist’s
View of Representation,”
Polity,
Vol. 12, No. 1 (Fall 1979), pp. 65-82; see also Robert A. Goldwin, ed.,
Representation and Misrepresentation
(Rand McNally, 1968); Gordon S. Wood,
The Creation of the American Republic, I776-1787
(University of North Carolina Press, 1969), passim;
The Federalist,
passim; Richard W. Krouse, “Two Concepts of Democratic Republicanism: Madison and Tocqueville on Pluralism and Party in American Politics,” paper prepared for delivery at the 1977 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., Sept. 1977.

[Values of Federalists and anti-Federalists]:
Irving Kristol, ed.,
The American Commonwealth
(Basic Books, 1976), esp. Martin Diamond, “The Declaration and the Constitution: Liberty, Democracy and the Founders,” pp. 39-55;Jean Yarbrough, “Republicanism Reconsidered: Some Thoughts on the Foundation and Preservation of the American Republic,”
Review of Politics,
Vol. 41. No. 1 (January 1979), pp. 61-95; George W. Carey and James McClellan, “Towards the Restoration of the American Political Tradition,”
Journal of Politics,
Vol. 38, No. 3 (August 1976), pp.110-27.

[Jefferson on ward republics]:
Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, Feb. 2, 1816, quoted in Yarbrough, “Republicanism Reconsidered,” p. 89.

[Yarbrough on Jefferson’s proposed local public forums]: ibid.,
p. 90.

[Virtue]:
John Agresto, “Liberty, Virtue and Republicanism,”
Review of Politics,
Vol. 39, No. 4 (October 1977), pp. 473-504; Yarbrough, “Republicanism Reconsidered”; Douglass Adair, “Fame and the Founding Fathers,” in Harold Trevor Colbourn, ed.,
Fame and the Founding Fathers: Essays by Douglass Adair
(W. W. Norton. 1974). pp. 2-26. See, in general, Austin Ranney, “ ‘The Divine Science’: Political Engineering in American Culture,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 70, No. 1 (March 1976), pp. 140-48.

[Washington informed of his election]:
Douglas Southall Freeman,
George Washington
(Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1954), Vol. 6, p. 164.

[Washington “oppressed with … anxious sensations”]:
Jared Sparks, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(Little, Brown, 1858)., p. 461. Quote is from missing diary entry for April 16, 1789.

[Washington on Alexandria]:
Washington to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. June 28, 1788, in John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington
(Government Printing Office, 1939), Vol. 30, p. 9.

[Washington forced to borrow money]:
John C. Fitzpatrick, ed.
The Diaries of George Washington, 1748-1799
(Houghton Mifflin. 1925), Vol. 4, p. 7.

[Alexandria celebration]: Pennsylvania Packet,
April 23, 1789.

[Washington’s haste and preoccupation with the tasks ahead]:
Freeman, Vol. 6, pp. 167-68.

[Crowd at Susquehanna crossing]: ibid.,
p. 172.
[Ode at Trenton]: ibid.,
pp. 175-76.

[Washington on entry into New York]:
Washington Irving,
Life of George Washington
(Putnam, 1857), Vol. 4, p. 511.

[Washington’s inaugural suit]:
Frank Monaghan, “Notes on the Inaugural Journey and the Inaugural Ceremonies of George Washington as First President of the United States” (New York Public Library, 1939), passim.

[Debate over protocol]:
James T. Flexner,
George Washington and the New Nation (1783-1793)
(Little, Brown, 1970), pp. 182-83.

[Livingston announces “it is done”]:
Freeman, Vol. 6, p. 192.

[Washington’s Inaugural Address]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, pp. 281-96.

[Washington’s ambivalence about serving as President]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, passim.

[Presidential election of 1788-89]: Congressional Quarterly, Presidential Elections Since 1789
(Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1975); Merrill Jensen and Robert A. Becker, eds.,
The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), Vol. 1, p. xi.

[Hamilton’s interference in the vice-presidential election]:
Hamilton to James Wilson, Jan. 25, 1789, in Harold C. Syrett, ed.,
The Papers of Alexander Hamilton
(Columbia University Press, 1962), Vol. 5, pp. 247-49; see also Hamilton to Theodore Sedgwick, Jan. 29, 1789,
ibid.,
pp. 250-51.
[Reaction of John Adams]:
Page Smith,
John Adams
(Doubleday, 1962), Vol. 2, pp. 759-60.

[Electing the 1st Congress]:
Jensen and Becker, Vol. 1, esp. Chs. 1 and 2.

[Madison’s election]:
James Madison to George Washington, Jan. 14, 1789, in Gaillard Hunt, ed.,
The Writings of James Madison
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), Vol. 5, pp. 318-21; see also Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 29, 1789,
ibid,
pp. 333-38.

[Pennsylvania elections]:
Jensen and Becker, pp. 227-429.

[Washington on obtaining lodgings]:
Washington to Madison, March 30, 1789, Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, pp. 254-56.
[Abigail Adams at Richmond Hill]:
Smith, p. 770.

[Washington on Congress as “the first wheel of government”]:
draft of proposed address to Congress [April? 1789], in Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, pp. 299-300.

[Maclay vs. Adams on reference to President’s address]:
Edgar S. Maclay,
Journal of William Maclay
(D. Appleton, 1890), pp. 10-11; Smith, pp. 750-51.

[Washington on the judicial branch as keystone of the national polity]:
Washington to John Jay, Oct. 5, 1789, Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, pp. 428-29.
[John Jay’s early activities as Chief Justice]:
correspondence with Justice Cushing, Nov. and Dec. 1789, and Jay to Richard Law, March 10, 1790, John Jay Papers, Columbia University.

[Organizing and manning the new government]:
see, in general, Leonard D. White,
The Federalists
(Macmillan, 1948).

[Adams’ denial of patronage to friends]:
Smith, p. 762.
[Washington on nepotism]:
Washington to Bushrod Washington, July 27, 1789, in Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, p. 366.

[Washington on national government being organized]:
Washington to Gouverneur Morris, Oct. 13, 1789,
ibid.,
p. 442.

[Washington on reasons for his trip]: ibid.,
pp. 446-47.
[Basic sources for information on the trip]: ibid.,
pp. 450-56; Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, pp. 20-52; William Spohn Baker,
Washington after the Revolution, 1784-1799
(Lippincott, 1898), pp. 150-61; Freeman, Vol. 6, pp. 240-45; Flexner, pp. 227-31.

[Roads and taverns in New England, 1789]:
see esp. George F. Marlowe,
Coaching Roads of Old New England
(Macmillan, 1945), and Forbes and Eastman,
Taverns and
Stagecoaches of Old New England
(State Street Trust Co., 1954), 2 vols. See also the relevant portions of Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries.

[Ports and farmers]:
Rollin C. Osterweis,
Three Centuries of New Haven, 1638-1938
(Yale University Press, 1953). p. 17l Richard J. Purcell,
Connecticut in Transition
(American Historical Association and Oxford University Press, 1918), pp. 98-99, 120.

[New Haven c. 1789]:
Purcell, pp. 120-21; Albert P. Van Dusen,
Connecticut
(Random House, 1961), p. 175. On the changing character of town politics in this period, see Edward M. Cook, Jr.,
The Fathers of the Towns: Leadership and Community Structure in Eighteenth-Century New England
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), esp. p. 191.

[Slavery in Connecticut]:
Robert A. Warner,
New Haven Negroes: A Social History
(Yale University Press, 1940), p. 5.

[Washington’s remark at Wallingford, Connecticut]:
Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, p. 26.

[Colonel Wadsworth’s “Woolen Manufactory”]:
William B. Weeden,
Economic and Social History of New England, 1620-1789
(Riverside Press, 1891), Vol. 2, p. 853.

[Manufacturing in Hartford]:
Purcell, pp. 120-21, which comments as well on the state of manufacturing throughout Connecticut at this time.

[Springfield and its arsenal]:
Weeden, Vol. 2, p. 792; Marlowe, p. 49.

[IsaacJenks’s tavern]:
Marlowe, pp. 42-43.
[Washington quote on houses in the Connecticut Valley]:
Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, p. 30.

[Massachusetts agriculture during this period]:
Flexner, p. 229; James T. Adams,
New England in the Republic, 1776-1850
(Little, Brown, 1926), pp. 84, 186-88, 190.
[The small farm]:
Adams, p. 191.

[The incident at the Boston town line]:
Justin Winsor, ed.,
The Memorial History of Boston, l630-1880
(Ticknor, 1886), Vol. 3, pp. 197, 573; for Washington’s own remarks, see Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, pp. 33-34, along with the appended footnotes.

[Washington vs. Hancock]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 30, pp. 451-53; Baker, pp. 154-55. For a description of Hancock, see Winsor, Vol. 3, p, 201; for skepticism concerning his “gout,” Smith, Vol. 2, p. 782, and Harold and James Kirker,
Bulfinch’s Boston, 1787-1817
(Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 104.

[Life in Boston at the time of Washington’s visit]:
Jean Pierre Brissot, “Boston in 1788,”
Old South Leaflets
(The Directors of the Old South Work, n.d.), Vol. 6, pp. 2-10; Weeden, Vol. 2, pp. 848, 851-52, 863; Marjorie Drake Ross,
The Book of Boston: The Federal Period
(Hastings House, 1961), pp. 46, 49, 68; Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860
(Houghton Mifflin, Sentry Edition, 1961), PP· 30, 43.

[Harvard in 1780]:
Brissot, pp. 7-8.
[Higher education in New England]:
“Education,”
Dictionary of American History,
rev. ed. (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976), Vol. 2, pp. 394-95· 397.

[Washington on playing-card factory]:
Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, p. 38.
[Shoe manufacturing in Massachusetts]:
B. E. Hazard,
Organization of the Boot and Shoe Industry
(1921),
passim. [Fishing and whaling]:
Morison, pp. 32, 134-35, 141, 396 (table).
[Commerce and trading in New England as a whole]:
Walter B. Smith and Arthur H. Cole,
Fluctuations in American Business, 1790-1860
(Harvard University Press, 1935), p. 4.

[Cotton in Beverly]:
Robert W. Lovett, “The Beverly Cotton Manufactory: Or, Some New Light on an Early Cotton Mill,”
Bulletin of the Business Historical Society,
Vol. 26, No. 4 (December 1952), pp. 220-37.

[Washington on the “factory girls”]:
Fitzpatrick,
Washington Diaries,
Vol. 4, pp. 37-38.