American Experiment (119 page)

[Jefferson on not going to heaven but with a party]:
Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789, Ford, Vol. 5. pp. 75-78.

[Rise of national parties in Congress]:
John F. Hoadley, “The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789-1803,”
American Political Science Review,
Vol. 74, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 757-79; Rudolph M. Bell,
Party and Faction in American Politics: The House of Representatives, 1789-1801
(Greenwood Press, 1973); Mary P. Ryan, “Party Formation in the United States Congress, 1789 to 1796: A Quantitative Analysis,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 28. No. 4 (October 1971), pp. 523-42. Cf. Ronald P. Formisano, “Federalists and Republicans: Parties, Yes—System, No,” typescript, 1980, 62 pp.

[Politics of deference]:
Ronald P. Formisano, “Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic’s Political Culture, 1789-1840,”
American Political Science Review,
V0L 68, No. 2 (June 1974), pp. 473-87; and in one state, Richard R. Beeman,
The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788-1801
(University Press of Kentucky, 1972).

[Democratic and Republican societies]:
Eugene P. Link,
Democratic-Republican Societies, 1790-1800
(Columbia University Press, 1942).

[Washington on the Democratic societies]:
quoted in Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 161.

[Case of Matthew Lyon, the “Spitting Lyon”]:
Henry Adams,
The Life of Albert Gallatin
(Lippincott, 1879), pp. 191-92; Miller,
The Federalist Era,
pp. 208-9.

[The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions as contradiction of two-party strategy ]:
James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), pp. 31-32.

[Manning’s tract]:
William Manning,
The Key of Libberty
(The Manning Association, 1922). On Manning himself, see Foreword to this volume by Samuel Eliot Morison.

[Idea of America as an experiment]:
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Address to the American Historical Association, Washington, D.C., Dec. 29, 1976, reprinted under the title “America: Experiment or Destiny?”
American Historical Review,
Vol. 82, No. 3(June 1977), pp. 505-22, quoted at p. 514.

[Patrick Henry on “work too great for human wisdom”]:
quoted in Benjamin R. Barber, “The Compromised Republic: Public Purposelessness in America” (Kenyon Public Affairs Forum, Kenyon College, 1976), p. 6.

[Impossibility of one code of laws]: ibid.

[Barber on experiment]: ibid.,
p. 9.

[Madison on lessons of experience]: ibid.

[French traveler on slaves]:
J. P. Brissot de Warville,
New Travels in the United States of America
(J. S. Jordan), p. 284.

[Polish poet at Mount Vernon ]:
Julian Niemcewicz, quoted in Herbert Aptheker,
American Negro Slave Revolts
(Columbia University Press, 1943), p. 125.

[Abigail Adams on women as “Lordess”]:
quoted in Smith,
John Adams,
Vol. 2, p. 1006.

[John Adams on the subordination of women and children]: ibid.,
pp. 1016-17.

[John Randolph’s credo]:
quoted in Robert Dawidoff,
The Education of John Randolph
(W. W. Norton, 1979), p. 32.

[Washington on religion and morality]:
Fitzpatrick,
Writings of Washington,
Vol. 35, p. 229.

[William Manning on education]:
Manning, pp. 61, 20-21.

[Jefferson to Aaron Burr on the “Eastern” states]:
Jefferson to Burr, June 17, 1797, Ford, Vol. 7, pp. 147-48.

[Jefferson on laying purpose and pen to the cause]:
Jefferson to James Madison, Feb. 5, 1799,
ibid.,
p. 344.

[Intra-party factionalism]:
Daniel Sisson,
The American Revolution of 1800
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), pp. 363 ff.

[Hamilton on Adams’ pardon of Fries]:
Miller,
Alexander Hamilton,
p. 507.
[Adams to McHenry on Hamilton]:
quoted in Smith,
John Adams,
pp. 1027-28.

[Burr’s election activities]:
Burns, p. 34.

[Jefferson on role of the central states]:
Jefferson to Madison, March 4, 1800, Ford, Vol. 7. P· 434.

[Jefferson’s refusal to answer “lies”]:
Jefferson to James Monroe, May 26, 1800,
ibid.,
p. 448.

[Marching women and children to the polls]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 264.

[Hamilton on not being overscrupulous]:
Hamilton to John Jay, May 7, 1800, in Henry Cabot Lodge,
The Works of Alexander Hamilton,
Constitutional Edition (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, [1917]), Vol. 10, pp. 371-74; Frank Monaghan,
John Jay: Defender of Liberty
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1935), pp. 419-21.

[Electioneering in l800]:
Burns, p. 34.

The section on Gabriel’s revolt of 1800 was drafted jointly by the author and Stewart Burns.

[Gabriel’s revolt]:
See in general Aptheker, pp. 219-26; Nicholas Halasz,
The Rattling Chains
(David McKay, 1966), pp. 87-100; Thomas W. Higginson,
Black Rebellion
(Arno Press, 1969), pp. 185-214; Gerald W. Mullin,
Flight and Rebellion: Slave Resistance in Eighteenth-Century Virginia
(Oxford University Press, 1972), passim; Willie Lee Rose,
A Documentary History of Slavery in North America
(Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 107-14.

[“Othello” on liberty]:
Carter G. Woodson, ed.,
Negro Orators and Their Orations
(Associated Publishers, 1925), pp. 14-15.

[Du Bois on “the Preacher”]:
quoted in Eugene D. Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
(Pantheon Books, 1974), p. 258.

[Black resistance and while controls]:
Aptheker, pp. 140-49; Raymond A. Bauer and Alice H. Bauer, “Day to Day Resistance to Slavery,” in Robert V. Haynes, ed.,
Blacks in White America before 1865
(David McKay, 1972), pp. 235-57.

[Gabriel Prosser described]:
Aptheker, p. 219.
[Election of leaders by slaves]:
Mullin, p. 148.

[Rebel leader on right to fight for liberty]:
Aptheker, p. 220.
[Brother Martin quotes Scripture]:
Rose, p. 114.

[Rebels to spare those “friendly to liberty”]: ibid.

[Insurrection organized on “true French plan”]:
Higginson, p. 199.
[Monroe seeks advice]:
Monroe to Thomas Jefferson, Sept. 15, 1800, in Stanislaus M. Hamilton, ed.,
The Writings of James Monroe
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900),Vol. 3, p. 209.

[Jefferson on execution of rebels]:
Jefferson to James Monroe, Sept. 20, 1800, Ford, Vol. 7., pp. 457-58.

[Monroe on Gabriel’s stoicism]:
Monroe to Colonel Thomas Newton, Oct. 5, 1800, Hamilton, Vol. 3, p. 213.
[Rebel on endeavor for liberty]:
Aptheker, p. 224.

[Story about Adams’ mistresses]:
Smith,
John Adams,
p. 1034.

[Invective against Jefferson in 1800 campaign]:
Charles O. Lerche, Jr., “Jefferson and the Election of 1800: A Case Study in the Political Smear,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 5, No. 4 (January 1948), pp. 467-91; see also Cunningham, p. 239.

[Jefferson’s political stands during election of 1800]:
Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, Jan. 26, 1799, Ford, Vol. 7, pp. 327-29.

[George Cabot to Hamilton, on Burr and Jefferson]:
letter of Aug. 10, 1800, Syrett, Vol. 25, pp. 63-64.

[Miller on the feeling for Burr]:
Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 269.

[Jefferson’s letters after receiving election results]:
Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, Dec. 14, 1800, Ford, Vol. 7, pp. 462-66; Jefferson to Aaron Burr, Dec. 15, 1800, and Feb. 1, 1801,
ibid.,
pp. 466-68 and 485-86, resp.

[Jefferson as a moderate]:
Sisson, p. 407.

[Hamilton on Burr]:
quoted in Miller,
The Federalist Era,
p. 270.

[Jefferson on the Federalist effort to “debauch” Burr]:
Jefferson to Mary Jefferson Eppes, Jan. 4, 1801, Ford, Vol. 7, p. 478.

[Burr and the election of 1800]:
works cited above; Sisson; John S. Pancake, “Aaron Burr: Would-be Usurper,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Third Series, Vol. 8, No. 2 (April 1951), pp. 204-13.

[Marshall’s angling toward presidency in 1800 elections]:
Albert J. Beveridge,
The Life of John Marshall
(Houghton Mifflin, 1916), Vol. 2, pp. 540-43.

[Jefferson’s indirect assurances to Federalists about his presidency]:
Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, Feb. 14, 1801, Ford. Vol. 7. pp. 489-90; Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress, Vol. 109, p. 18739; Matthew L. Davis,
Memoirs of Aaron Burr
(Harper & Brothers, 1858), Vol. 2, pp. 129-33; Schachner, p. 658.

[Jefferson on the “revolution” of 1800]:
quoted in Sisson, p. 21.

[Conrad & McMunn’s boardinghouse]:
Dumas Malone,
Jefferson the President
(Little, Brown, 1970), pp. 3, 29;James Sterling Young,
The Washington Community, 1800-1828
(Columbia University Press, 1966), Ch. 5, esp. pp. 100-1.

[Jefferson as “all ends and angles”]:
Marshall Smelser,
The Democratic Republic
(Harper &Row, 1968), p. 1.

[Jefferson’s Inaugural Address]:
Paul Leicester Ford, ed.,
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), Vol. 8, pp. 1-6.

[John Marshall’s Inaugural Day letter to Charles Pinckney]:
quoted in Leonard Baker,
John Marshall: A Life in Law
(Macmillan, 1974), pp. 359-60.

[Reactions by opposition leaders and publicists to Jefferson’s assumption of office and Inaugural Address]:
Malone, pp. 4-5; Smelser, pp. 18-19.

[Jefferson on the “sprig of grass”]:
quoted in James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy
(Prentice-Hall, 1963), p. 25; see general sources quoted therein, in Sources, on Jefferson. I have used occasional sentences or phrases from this work in describing Jefferson.

[Smelser on liberty as Jefferson’s guiding star]:
Smelser, p. 13.

[Celebrations of Jefferson’s inaugural]:
Malone, pp. 29-32.

[Jefferson on the newness of things]:
Jefferson to Joseph Priestley, March 21, 1801, Ford, Vol. 8, p. 22.

[Jefferson on the storm through which the “Argosie” had passed]:
Jefferson to John Dickinson, March 6, 1801,
ibid.,
p. 7.

[Jefferson on the “event of our experiment”]:
Jefferson to Governor Hall, July 6, 1802,
ibid,
p. 156.

[Jefferson’s attempt to heal party schisms while expecting new opposition to arise from within Republican ranks]:
Jefferson to John Dickinson, July 23, 1801,
ibid.,
pp. 75-77; Jefferson to Wilson C. Nicholas, March 26, 1805,
ibid,
pp. 348-49; Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, July 9, 1807,
ibid.,
Vol. 9, pp. 102-3.

[Jefferson’s desire to unite Federalists and Republicans he felt he could win to his purpose]:
see Jefferson to Horatio Gates, March 8, 1801,
ibid.,
Vol. 8, pp. 11-12.

[Jefferson’s characterizations of his high Federalist adversaries]: ibid.,
pp. 41, 147, 169.

[Jefferson on separating “patriotic” Federalists from their congressional leaders]:
Jefferson to Thomas Lomax, Feb. 25, 1801,
ibid.,
Vol. 7, p. 500.
[Jefferson on avoiding shocking Federalist feelings]:
Jefferson to William B. Giles, March 23, 1801,
ibid,
Vol. 8, p. 26.
[Jefferson on the “Essex Junto”]:
Jefferson to Levi Lincoln, July 11,1801,
ibid.,
p.67.
[Jefferson to Du Pont de Nemours on consolidating great body of people]: ibid.,
Jan. 18, 1802, p. 126 n.

[Jefferson on likely extinction of Federalist party]:
Jefferson to Du Pont de Nemours, Jan. 18, 1802,
ibid.

[Relationship of Jefferson and Madison]:
Adrienne Koch,
Jefferson and Madison: The Great Collaboration
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1950), passim.

[Jefferson on “appointments and disappointments”]:
Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, March 24, 1801,
ibid.,
p. 31.
[Jefferson on making ingrates and enemies]:
Jefferson, Jan. 13, 1807, quoted in Leonard D. White,
The Jeffersonians
(Macmillan, 1951), p. 349·
[Jefferson on simple questions]:
Jefferson, July 12, 1801, quoted in White, p. 352. See White for extensive discussion of Jefferson’s personnel and patronage policies.

[Smelser on New Haven as the Vatican City of Federalism]:
Smelser, p. 49.

[Jefferson on his “painful office”]:
quoted from his answer to the remonstrance of a committee of the merchants of New Haven, Jefferson to Elias Shipman and others, July 12, 1801,whole text in Ford, Vol. 8, pp. 67-70; see also White, pp. 351-52.

[Collective leadership of Jefferson with his Cabinet]:
Noble E. Cunningham, Jr.,
The Process of Government Under Jefferson
(Princeton University Press, 1978, Chs. 2-3.

[Jefferson on public administration as simple]:
White, p. 4; Jefferson to James Monroe, May 29, 1801, Ford, Vol. 8, p. 59.

[Newspaper description of President’s house]:
Alexandria
Advertiser,
quoted in Malone, p. 38.

[Federalist charge that Jefferson collected rent from his guests in the President’s house]:
Irving Brant,
James Madison: Secretary of State
(Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), p. 42.

[Jefferson on Washington, DC, as pleasant country residence]:
Jefferson to Joel Barlow, May 3, 1803, Ford, Vol. 8, p. 150.
[Jefferson to son-in-law on same]:
Jefferson to T. M. Randolph. June 4, 1801, quoted in Brant, p. 42.