Americans in Paris: Life & Death Under Nazi Occupation (66 page)

p. 162 ‘We played no’
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 88.

p. 163 ‘You are worth a thousand men’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 224.

p. 163 ‘The beautiful palace’
von Hassell,
The von Hassell Diaries: 1938–1944
, p. 153.

p. 164 This may have been to
Irving,
Hitler’s War and the War Path,
p. 38. This office, Irving writes, had the monopoly of wiretapping from April 1933. Its printed reports on brown paper were called the ‘Brown Pages’, and were distributed to senior Nazis in locked dispatch boxes. On p. 39, Irving writes that the conversations of Julius Streicher, Unity Mitford, Princess Stephanie von Hohenlohe, her lover Fritz Wiedemann and other ‘fringe actors’ were routinely monitored.

p. 164 ‘I like to look at you’
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration–Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 36.

p. 164 Still out of earshot
Raymond Aron,
The Vichy Regime: 1940–44
, New York: Macmillan, 1958, p. 267.

p. 164 ‘We would rather’
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 39; and Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 225.

p. 165 The Germans had seized
Ibid
., p. 123: ‘we were reduced to three million tons of coal when 39½ millions represented our minimum needs’.

p. 165 ‘ The last time I saw Paris’
‘The Last Time I Saw Paris’,
Time
, 23 December 1940. Music and lyrics copyright Chappell and Company, New York, 1940.

p. 169 ‘Charles was amused’
Gaston Bedaux,
La vie ardente de Charles Eugene Bedaux
, privately published, Paris, June 1959, p. 74.

p. 170 De Gaulle asked him to
Milton Viorst,
Hostile Allies: FDR and De Gaulle
, New York: Macmillan, 1965, p. 60.

p. 170 ‘I consider this’
Jim Christy,
The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 226.

p. 170 ‘Weygand and his’
Viorst,
Hostile Allies
, p. 60.

p. 171 ‘To demonstrate his’
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 107.

p. 171 Weygand called Bedaux
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 39.

p. 171 With Medicus’s support
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 39.

p. 172 ‘Bunny gave me’
Yves Pourcher,
Pierre Laval vu par sa fille d’après ses carnets intimes
, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, 2002, p. 218.

p. 173 The American Hospital’s board
‘Minutes of a Special Meeting of the Board of Governors of the American Hospital of Paris’, 13 February 1941, Archives of the American Hospital of Paris, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.

p. 173 ‘Another hospital year … I report with’
‘Report of the First Vice-President, March 20th, 1941’, Archives of the American Hospital of Paris, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.

p. 174 ‘had a higher opinion’
Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy,
I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on his Notes and Diaries Made at the Time
, London: Victor Gollancz, 1950, p. 42.

p. 174 ‘Please tell her not’
Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen: The Story of My Life
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949, p. 165.

p. 174 ‘Why should the United States’
‘American Wife of French General Sees No Reason U.S. Should Fight’,
Cincinnati Times-Star
, 3 October 1939, p. 1.

p. 175 ‘Extreme politeness was … A considerable number’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 150.

p. 175 On 15 April, the hospital’s
Report of General Aldebert de Chambrun, Managing Director of the American Hospital of Paris, to the Board of Directors, 9 December 1944, p. 1, American Hospital of Paris Archives, American Hospital Reports: 1940–1944.

p. 175 ‘the same formula’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 166.

p. 175 Officially, the American Hospital
Dorothy Lagard,
American Hospital of Paris: A Century of Adventure, 1906–2006
, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, 2006, p. 51. (This is the official history of the hospital.) See also ‘Proposal to affiliate to French Red Cross’, at Meeting of the Board of Governors of the American Hospital of Paris, 4 April 1941, p. 2, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.

p. 176 ‘a cable was sent’
Letter from E. A. Sumner to Dr John Marshall, Rockefeller Foundation, 5 May 1941, American Library of Paris Archives, Box 9, File E.3.

p. 177 ‘When our popular directress’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 167.

p. 177 ‘Accordingly, here I was’
Ibid
.

p. 177 ‘overcoats, mufflers and gloves’
‘Our Library in Paris’,
New York Times
, 21 June 1945.

p. 177 ‘the individual designated’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 168.

p. 178 When Maynard Barnes
‘Embassy in Paris Gets a Phone Call’,
New York Times
, 26 August 1944, p. 5. ‘Caffery Thanks Aids Who Held U.S. Embassy’,
New York Herald Tribune
, 11 January 1945, p. 4. Mme Blanchard was assisted in maintaining the empty embassy by Pierre Bizet, the guardian; Georges Rivière, electrician; and Antoine Mertens, who took care of the ambassador’s residence in the avenue d’Iéna.

p. 178 After reporting to Ambassador Leahy
Leahy,
I Was There
, p. 42. Leahy wrote, ‘The Germans had ordered our Embassy office in Paris to be closed, and Maynard Barnes, who had been in charge there since Bullitt’s departure after the Armistice, arrived in Vichy
en route
to the United States. I tried to search his mind, but found only that he had a higher opinion of Laval than prevailed generally. I got a fairly unfavorable opinion of Barnes, because he did not seem to be in full agreement with what the President was trying to do.’

p. 178 Close sailed to the United States
Cable from Allan Arragon, Morgan and Cie., Châtel-Guyon, Puy de Dôme, to Nelson Dean Jay, New York, 7 May 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.

p. 178 ‘After the departure’
Longworth de Chambrun,
Shadows Lengthen
, p. 165.

p. 178 ‘accumulated and buried’
Leahy,
I Was There
, p. 41.

p. 180 ‘I traveled to Vichy … stressed how greatly’
René de Chambrun,
Pierre Laval: Traitor or Patriot?
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984, p. 68. See also Ralph Heinzen, ‘Laval and the United States, Laval and Communism, Scuttling of the Fleet–Montoire’, testimony in
France during the German Occupation, 1940–1944: A Collection of 292 Statements on the Government of Maréchal Pétain and Pierre Laval
, translated from the French by Philip W. Whitcomb, Palo Alto, CA: The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, vol. III, 1957, pp. 1601–3, for full details of the interview.

p. 180 ‘I have just received’
Letter from Sumner W. Jackson to Edward B. Close, 3 June 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941.

p. 181 Keeping his War Risk
‘
Bulletin d’Entrée
’, American Hospital of Paris document, 1 June 1940, Massachusetts General Hospital Archives, File: Sumner Jackson.

p. 181 ‘JAY MORGAN BANK’
Telegram from General de Chambrun to Nelson Dean Jay, 18 June 1940, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941.

p. 181 ‘practically all of the’
Letter from William Nelson Cromwell to Nelson Dean Jay, 20 June 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.

p. 181 ‘June deficit francs’
Morgan and Cie, Cable, 9 July 1941, 41/8882 to [Nelson Dean] Jay, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.

p. 182 ‘Since the hospital’
Letter from Max Shoop, Sullivan and Cromwell, to Nelson Dean Jay, J. P. Morgan and Company, 10 July 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence, 1940–1945.

p. 182 ‘His breathing was’
‘Financial Crisis in 1935, Attempted Assassination at Versailles’, Statement of General Aldebert de Chambrun,
France During the German Occupation, 1940–1944
, vol. III, p. 1560.

p. 182 ‘He always paid’
‘Memories of Laval, His Rescue of an Englishwoman’, Statement by Countess Clara Longworth de Chambrun,
Ibid
., p. 1362.

p. 183 ‘The car has left’
René de Chambrun,
Pierre Laval: Traitor or Patriot?
, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1984, p. 69.

p. 183 ‘I don’t know’
‘Financial Crisis in 1935, Attempted Assassination at Versailles’, Statement of General Aldebert de Chambrun, p. 1560.

p. 183 ‘a tough 21-year-old’
‘Terrorism Cuts Both Ways’,
Time
, 8 September 1941.

p. 184 ‘I had taken a vow’
Yves Pourcher,
Pierre Laval vu par sa fille, d’après ses carnets intimes
, Paris: Le Cherche-Midi, pp. 228–9.

p. 184 ‘a haven for French’
‘Our Library in Paris’,
New York Times
, 21 June 1945.

p. 184 On Memorial Day
‘Services Curtailed in Occupied France’,
New York Times
, 31 May 1941, p. 1.

p. 185 ‘We surely were’
Robert Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1964, p. 109.

p. 185 One of the twelve
Coster and some of the other vice-consuls spoke French, but none could speak Arabic. Lack of linguistic expertise in the field would be a recurring motif in OSS operations, as in those of its successor, the Central Intelligence Agency. Another theme that emerged early was the agency’s propensity for staging coups. Donovan almost immediately became involved in a misguided coup d’état attempt, when he set aside a secret fund of $50,000 to overthrow the Arab bey of Algiers and replace him with another chieftain who was pro-Allied. Murphy wrote, ‘Nothing would have enraged our French colleagues more than this kind of monkey business, or been more ruinous to our chances of obtaining the support of French military forces. As for fifty thousand dollars! Our whole operation in Africa had not cost that much over a period of many months.’ Murphy,
Diplomat among Warriors
, p. 110. Donovan was saved from folly by the US naval attaché in Tangier, Marine Colonel William A. Eddy. Murphy wrote that Eddy ‘had grown up in the Middle East and was fluent in Arabic … and no American knew more about Arabs or about power politics in Africa’.

p. 185 ‘I did not know … I soon found’
Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy,
I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman Based on his Notes and Diaries Made at the Time
, London: Victor Gollancz, 1950, p. 32.

p. 185 ‘found both the … Gift books are distributed … Since General de Chambrun’
Ralph Heinzen, dispatch of 16 September 1941, United Press, Paris via Air Mail, original typescript, p. 3, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Newspaper cuttings.

p. 186 Aldebert and Clara de Chambrun
‘Nazis Give Notice’,
New York Times
, 22 May 1941, p. 1. The paper reported, ‘There are approximately 2,000 [Americans] there.’

p. 187 ‘We have already’ … An order for
Memorandum from General de Chambrun to Messrs Nelson Dean Jay and Edward B. Close, 6 November 1941, American Hospital of Paris Archives, File: Correspondence and Reports, 1941, and Minutes, 19 September 1940 to 7 November 1941.

p. 188 ‘Distribution of products’
Charles Emile Bedaux, ‘The American-Radical, Equivalism: The Revolt of the Consumer’, reprinted in
The Price of Power: A Biography of Charles Eugene Bedaux
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 301.

p. 189 In 1939, Bedaux
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 35.

p. 189 Hitler had since dismissed
John Toland,
Adolf Hitler
, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1976, p. 508. Schacht’s criticism ceased when he was told that, far from being an unofficial pogrom,
Kristallnacht
had been contrived by Hitler and his subordinates.

p. 189 ‘Monsieur, are you’
Janet Flanner, ‘Annals of Collaboration: Equivalism II’,
The New Yorker
, 6 October 1945, p. 35.

p. 189 As Schacht continued
Ibid
.

p. 190 ‘This war will not’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 203. Gaston Bedaux,
La Vie ardente de Charles Bedaux
, privately published, Paris, 3 June 1959, p. 67; Gaston recalled that his brother said the same thing, but to the Prefect of Beauvais, M. Bussière.

p. 190 ‘He understood nothing’
Christy,
The Price of Power
, p. 220.

p. 190 Bedaux asked for authorization
Roquefort cheese is made in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in Aveyron.