America's Great Game (56 page)

6
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 349–350.

7
. KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
, 3, 4; Bickham Sweet-Escott,
Baker Street Irregular
(London: Methuen, 1965), 73; Macmillan quoted in Matthew Jones, “‘Kipling and All That’: American Perceptions of SOE and British Imperial Intrigue in the Balkans, 1943–1945,” in
The Politics and Strategy of Clandestine War: Special Operations Executive, 1940–1946
, ed. Neville Wylie (London: Routledge, 2007), 99.

8
. Secretary of State Hull to Ambassador Winant, August 27, 1942,
Foreign Relations of the United States
[hereafter
FRUS
]
, 1942: Vol. 4: The Near East and Africa
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1942), 27, 28. See also Smith,
OSS
, 124–125.

9
. Sweet-Escott,
Baker Street Irregular
, 136; “For Hoskins from Donovan,” January 3, 1943, 3.9, Harold B. Hoskins Papers, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, Princeton,
NJ.

10
. Captain John Toulmin, “Recommendation for Award to Mr. Stephen B. L. Penrose,” November 11, 1944, 5.12, Stephen B. L. Penrose Jr. Papers, Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA.

11
. Jane Smiley Hart, interview by Frances Stickles, October 1, 1990, 3.9, Penrose Papers; Barry Rubin,
Istanbul Intrigues
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 134; Stephen Penrose to Gordon Loud, July 28, 1943, 5.4, Penrose Papers.

12
. KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
, 5; Hart interview.

13
. Penrose to Mr. Howland, November 12, 1942, declassified OSS records, Penrose Papers.

14
. KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History, 7
, 15, 39.

15
. KR,
Countercoup
, 37.

16
. Michael P. Zirinsky, “Render Therefore Unto Caesar the Things Which Are Caesar’s: American Presbyterian Educators and Reza Shah,”
Iranian Studies
26, nos. 3–4 (1993): 354; Donald N. Wilber,
Adventures in the Middle East: Excursions and Incursions
(Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 1986), 135–137.

17
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 121.

18
. Ibid., 124; AR to Katherine Tweed, June 22, 1944, 1.3, ABRP.

19
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 350–351, 313.

20
. Jones, “‘Kipling and All That,’” 104; “Theater Service Record” and Lewis G. Leary, “Assessment of Kermit Roosevelt,” January 8, 1945, 658, Roosevelt, Kermit, Personnel Files, 1941–45, RG 226, NA.

21
. Anthony Cave Brown, ed.,
The Secret War Report of the OSS
(New York: Berkeley Publications, 1976), 179; Toulmin, “Recommendation for Award.”

Four: Great Game Redux

1
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 209–210.

2
. Ibid., 128, 127; see AR to K. W. Roosevelt, February 12, 1945, 1.6, ABRP; AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 208.

3
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 169.

4
. AR, diary, April 3, 1944, 1.5, ABRP; AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 137.

5
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 207, 206; AR, “Notes on the Tribal Populations of Iraq,” December 1, 1945, 2.6, ABRP; AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 169.

6
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 413.

7
. Ibid., 36; AR, “A Study in Effrontery,”
New York Herald Tribune
, February 15, 1940. See also AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 40–42.

8
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 219.

9
. Ibid., 201, 34.

10
. Philip Hitti to AR, September 4, 1945, 1.6, ABRP; AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 212; AR, diary, December 27, 1945, 1.5, ABRP; AR, diary, January 5, 1946, 1.7, ABRP.

11
. Churchill quoted in Stephen Kinzer,
All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror
, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, 2008), 39.

12
. For more on this promising early history, see Mansour Bonakdarian, “Great Expectations: U.S.-Iranian Relations, 1911–1951,” in Amanat and Bernhardsson, eds.,
U.S.-Middle East Historical Encounters
, 121–141.

13
. Loy Henderson to Dean Acheson, “The Present Situation in the Near East—A Danger to World Peace,” no date [December 1945],
FRUS 1946, Vol. 7, 2
. For a synthesis of recent historical scholarship about Soviet intentions toward Iran, see Odd Arne Westad,
The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 60–64.

14
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 228, 215, 230.

15
. Ibid., 231.

16
. Ibid., 204.

17
. Ibid., 226, 237–238; AR, diary, June 20, 1946, 1.7, ABRP.

18
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 240, 437.

19
. Ibid., 438; AR to K. W. Roosevelt, January 20, 1945, 1.6, ABRP; AR, diary, June 19, 1946, 1.7, ABRP.

20
. George V. Allen, unpublished memoir about service in Iran, 70–71, George V. Allen Papers, Harry S. Truman Library (hereafter HSTL), Independence, MO; AR, book manuscript, 2.8, ABRP.

Five: Zion

1
. Quoted in Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones,
The CIA and American Democracy
, 3rd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 30.

2
. Peter Grose,
Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 104; Allen Dulles, “Memorandum Respecting Section 202 (Central Intelligence Agency) of the Bill to Provide for a National Defense Establishment,” April 25, 1947, 2, 224–234 (April 1947), General Records of the Department of State, RG 59, Supplementary Documents from the Foreign Relations Series Relating to the U.S. Intelligence Community, HSTL.

3
. Celler quoted in H. W. Brands,
Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of American Empire, 1918–1961
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 189.

4
. For differing views on the question of Henderson and anti-Semitism, see ibid., 190–191, and Elihu Bergman, “Unexpected Recognition: Some Observations on the Failure of a Last-Gasp Campaign in the U.S. State Department to Abort a Jewish State,”
Modern Judaism
19, no. 2 (May 1999): 165–166.

5
. See, for example, Penrose to Fred F. Goodsell, December 9, 1942, OSS Records, Penrose Papers; Penrose to redacted, February 4, February 17, and March 11, 1943, 5.3, Penrose Papers.

6
. See, for example, Penrose to L. Wendell Fifield, December 31, 1942, OSS Records, Penrose Papers. “I am anxious to prevent the execution of policies which long study has convinced me are dangerous not only to the Near East but in the long run to the proponents of the policies themselves,” Penrose wrote.

7
. Analyst quoted in Robert Vitalis,
America’s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 64.

8
. “Summary of Lieutenant Colonel Harold B. Hoskins’ Report on the Near East,” enclosed with Cordell Hull to Franklin Roosevelt, May 7, 1943,
FRUS 1943, Vol. 4
, 782; “Memorandum of Conversation, by Lieutenant Colonel Harold B. Hoskins,” Washington, DC, September 27, 1943,
FRUS 1943, Vol. 4
, 812, 813.

9
. For a detailed account of the meeting between FDR and Ibn Saud emphasizing Eddy’s role, see Lippman,
Arabian Knight
, 133–144.

10
. Truman quoted in Oren,
Power, Faith, and Fantasy
, 484.

11
. See Lippman,
Arabian Knight
, 219–226, and Michael J. Cohen, “William A. Eddy, the Oil Lobby, and the Palestine Problem,”
Middle Eastern Studies
30, no. 1 (1994): 166–180; Truman quoted in Lippman,
Arabian Knight
, 218.

12
. The story of the run-up to Palestine’s partition and Harry Truman’s recognition of Israel in May 1948 has been told in countless books and articles, most recently Allis Radosh and Ronald Radosh,
A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel
(New York: Harper, 2009).

13
. “The Consequences of the Partition of Palestine,” Office of Research Estimates 55, November 28, 1947, 214, President’s Secretary’s File: Intelligence File, 1946–53, HSTL. See Lippman,
Arabian Knight
, 232–234; see also Thomas W. Lippman, “The View from 1947: The CIA and the Partition of Palestine,”
Middle East Journal
61, no. 1 (2007): 17–28.

14
. William Eddy, statement, October 10, 1947, 8.6, WAEP. See Lippman,
Arabian Knight
, 234–235.

15
. For the change in the meaning of “Arabist,” see Robert D. Kaplan,
The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite
(New York: Free Press, 1993), 98; for the circulation of Orientalist imagery of Arabs in the postwar United States, see Douglas Little,
American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East Since 1945
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 25–33; for the cultural resonance of Zionism in postwar America, see Michelle Mart, “Constructing a Universal Ideal: Anti-Semitism, American Jews, and the Founding of Israel,”
Modern Judaism
20, no. 2 (2000): 181–208; and for missionary attempts to educate Americans about the Arab world, see Ussama Makdisi, “‘Anti-Americanism’ in the Arab World: An Interpretation of a Brief History,”
Journal of American History
89, no. 2 (2002): 541–542.

16
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 293, 295. Mike Mitchell was identified by pseudonyms in Archie Roosevelt’s
Lust of Knowing
and Miles Copeland (hereafter MC),
The Game Player: The Confessions of the CIA’s Original Political Operative
(London: Aurum, 1989): Luke Gabriel and Nick Michelson, respectively. His real name appears in OSS records and the transcript of KR, interview by R. Harris Smith, no date, 10, R. Harris Smith Collection, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. Archie Roosevelt did not name Dennett in his memoirs, but the deceased CIG officer is identified in Copeland’s
Game Player
, 81. This identification is confirmed in Michael Mitchell to AEXP, “Archibald Roosevelt,” March 28, 1947, 658, Roosevelt, Archibald Bulloch, Personnel Files, 1941–45, RG 226, NA.

17
. AR,
Lust of Knowing
, 293.

Six: The Guest No One Invites Again

1
. MC,
Game Player, 2;
John Keay,
Sowing the Wind: The Seeds of Conflict in the Middle East
(New York: Norton, 2003), 390. Copeland’s books are:
Game Player; The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics
(London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969);
Without Cloak or Dagger: The Truth About the New Espionage
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974).

2
. Confidential source; Philby quoted in Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac,
Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East
(New York: Norton, 2008), 352.

3
. Lorraine Copeland, e-mail to author, November 20, 2010; MC,
Game Player
, 4, 6; Miles A. Copeland III, interview by author, Hollywood, CA, February 22, 2010; Wilbur Crane Eveland,
Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East
(New York: Norton, 1980), 96; Jenna Weber, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama, e-mails to author, November 23 and November 29, 2010.

4
. MC,
Game Player
, 8–9; Dan Morgenstern, telephone interview by author, November 22, 2010; Patrick White, e-mail to author, November 18, 2010; MC, DD/Personnel Data Sheet, November 4, 1955, CO5650522, CIA Freedom of Information Act (hereafter FOIA) request by author.

5
. MC,
Game Player
, 11–12; James L. Gilbert, John P. Finnegan, and Ann Bray,
In the Shadow of the Sphinx: A History of Army Counterintelligence
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2005), 32.

6
. MC,
Game Player
, 28.

7
. Lorraine Copeland e-mail, November 20, 2010; MC, Personal History Statement, no date [1945], CO5651590, CIA FOIA.

8
. MC,
Game Player
, 54, 56; MC, Personal History Statement.

9
. Lorraine Copeland e-mail, November 20, 2010; MC,
Game Player
, chap. 10; Kermit Roosevelt III interview.

10
. MC,
Game Player
, 79, 80.

11
. Ibid., 81;
Daily Telegraph
, June 2, 1990, 13.4, ABRP; Selwa “Lucky” Roosevelt, interview by author, Washington, DC, April 13, 2010.

12
. MC,
Game of Nations
, 11; MC,
Game Player
, 112; AR, diary, September 20, 1947, 1.7, ABRP.

Seven: Game Plan

1
. KR,
Countercoup
, 51. Kim’s
Harper’s
articles included: “The Arabs Live There Too,”
Harper’s Magazine
(October 1946): 289–294; “Egypt’s Inferiority Complex,”
Harper’s Magazine
(October 1947): 357–364; “Triple Play for the Middle East,”
Harper’s Magazine
(April 1948): 359–369. Substantial chunks of these articles found their way verbatim into KR,
Arabs, Oil, and History
.