An Inoffensive Rearmament (38 page)

Acheson Line,
8–9

Advisory Group.
See
Military Advisory Assistance Group

agriculture,
2
,
3
,
18–19
,
159

aircraft,
136
,
138
,
143

Akama, Bunzō,
7–8

Albergotti, William M.: as G-3, MAAG,
30
,
73
,
80
,
81
,
98
,
100
; NPR organization,
61
,
80
; NPR staff and,
88–89
,
118
; at Yoshida dinner,
47

Allied Council for Japan,
16–17

Allies.
See
occupation
;
peace treaty
;
supreme commander for Allied powers

Almond, Edward M.,
74–75

Amaterasu,
1
,
46
,
112
,
115

amnesty,
161

anti-Americanism,
167–68
,
169

anticommunism,
14–16
,
20
,
151–52
,
175–76
.
See also
communism

Article 9: as constraint,
33
,
43
; debates on,
39–40
; effects of violation,
43–44
,
172
,
173
,
175
,
177
; idealism,
46
; interpretations,
33
,
136–37
,
138
,
172
; justification of NPR and,
41
,
137–38
,
181
; MacArthur's authorship,
38
,
41
,
142
,
165
; need to abolish,
135
,
137–38
,
165
; origins,
34–35
,
36–39
,
52
; prohibition of military forces,
24
,
38–39
,
135
,
136–37
,
172
; public support,
29
,
142–43
; purpose,
33
; right of self-defense and,
33
,
39–40
,
41
,
42
,
136–37
,
138
; Socialist support,
43
,
166
; “war potential,”
46
,
136–38
; Yoshida on,
52–53
.
See also
disarmament

Asahi Shimbun,
131
,
141–42
,
143

Ashida, Hitoshi,
40
,
138

Atcheson, George C., Jr.,
34
,
35

Basic Plan,
23–24
,
27

Biedelinder, W. A.,
22
,
23

black market,
3

Bradley, Omar N.,
13
,
19
,
20

Bratton, Rufus S.,
67

Buddhism,
112
,
157

Bunker, Laurence E.,
64

bureaucrats, Japanese,
48–49
,
90
,
96–97
,
148

bushidō,
111–13
,
115
,
117
,
119
,
130

Byrnes, James F.,
34–35
,
37

Cabinet Order No. 260,
31
,
87–88

CASA.
See
Civil Affairs Section Annex

Chiang Kai-shek,
12

chief medical officer,
91–92

chiefs of staff,
74–75
.
See also
Kowalski, Frank, Jr.

Chihara, Kiyohara,
139

China: civil war,
12
,
145
; forces in Korean War,
154
; Japanese independence and,
164
; Japanese rearmament and,
53
,
113–14
; Japanese war in,
52
,
119
,
155

Civil Affairs Section, GHQ,
xviii
,
21
,
23–24
,
28–30
,
77
,
171

Civil Affairs Section Annex (CASA): establishment,
31
; headquarters,
30–31
,
75–77
,
78
; Kowalski as chief of staff,
23
,
73–74
,
75–77
; nationalist groups and,
152–54
,
157
; reports,
63–64
; staff,
30
,
73–74
.
See also
Military Advisory Assistance Group

civilian control of military: acceptance by former Imperial officers,
147
,
151
; advantages,
179
; constitutional provisions,
34
,
37
; explaining to Japanese,
87
,
88–89
; in Japan,
34
,
37
,
72
,
147–48
,
179
; in NPR organization,
72
,
87–90
,
97–98
; officer appointments and promotions,
89–90
; opponents,
154
; in United States,
89
,
179

civilians: American,
6
; NPR headquarters staff,
87–89
,
90
,
94
,
95
,
96
,
98
,
104–5
; NPR officers from civilian backgrounds,
101
,
102
,
103
.
See also
Masuhara, Keikichi
;
public opinion

coffee
sukoshi
,
76–77

Cold War,
11–12
,
146
,
162

communism: in Asia,
8–9
,
12
; in Japan,
13–16
,
59
; as threat,
8–9
,
136
,
151–52
,
163
,
175–76
.
See also
China
;
Cold War
;
Japan Communist Party
;
North Korea
;
Soviet Union

Confucianism,
112

conscription,
42
,
142
,
166

constitution, Japanese: amendments,
43
,
165
,
174
; American draft,
38–39
; American instructions,
34–35
; Article 18,
42
,
43–44
,
165
,
166
; Article 22,
165
,
166
; Article 76,
42–44
; civilian control of military,
34
,
37
; debates in Diet,
39–40
; idealism,
44
,
46
; Matsumoto draft,
37–38
,
39
,
41
; Meiji,
37
,
39
,
115
; provisions,
5
; public support,
141
; ratification,
40
; reform process,
35–41
; resistance,
40–41
; U.S. objectives,
34–35
,
37
.
See also
Article 9

Constitution Day,
169–70

Constitutional Problem Investigation Committee,
36

courage,
118–19
,
178

court-martial systems,
42–43

Dai Ichi Building,
15
,
18
,
22
,
24
,
167–68
.
See also
General Headquarters

Dayton, Julian,
95

Dean, William F.,
8

Defense Agency, Japanese,
154
,
173

Defense Department, U.S.,
162–63

defense ministry, Japanese: NPR Headquarters as,
86–87
; prewar,
87

demilitarization,
5
,
35
,
93
.
See also
disarmament

Demobilization Bureau.
See
Japanese Demobilization Bureau

democracy: criticism of,
152
; elections,
51
,
139–40
,
169
; in Japan,
15
,
97
,
119
,
139–40
,
150
,
181
; objective,
5
; voting rights,
52–53
,
139–40
,
143
.
See also
civilian control of military

Derevyanko, Kuzma,
16

Diet: committee hearings,
72
,
97
,
132–34
,
136–37
; communists in,
13
,
133
,
166
,
169
; constitutional amendment procedure,
43
; debates on constitution,
39–40
; former officers in,
155–56
; House of Councillors,
40
,
43
,
52
,
89–90
; House of Representatives,
40
,
43
,
165
; rearmament debates,
136–38
; socialists in,
31
,
43
,
133–34
,
169

disarmament: effects,
9
; as mistake,
172
; objective,
5
; order,
35
,
56
;
women's support,
52–53
,
142
,
143
,
165
.
See also
Article 9
;
rearmament

draft (conscription),
42
,
142
,
166

Drinkent, John,
83

Dulles, John Foster,
13
,
20
,
144

East Asia League,
155–56

East Asia League Comrades Association,
157

Eells, Walter C.,
14–15

Eguchi, Mitoru,
84
,
96
,
97
,
133–34
,
165

Eisenhower, Dwight D.,
xvii
,
xx

elections: of 1949,
51
; of 1952,
139–40
,
169
.
See also
democracy

emperor: constitutional provisions,
34
; as living god,
111
,
113
,
114–16
; public appearances,
169–70
; as supreme military commander,
37
,
116–17
,
118
,
151
; symbolism,
120
.
See also
Hirohito, Emperor
;
Meiji, Emperor

Endō, Nicky,
60–61
,
85
,
86

Eta Jima,
99–100

field caps,
126–27

Figgess, J. G.,
102
,
106–7

food supply system,
2
,
3–4
,
17–18
,
159
,
161

Fox, Alonzo P.,
64
,
65

Franco, Francisco,
58

Freyereisen, Paul A.,
30
,
88–89
,
100

General Group, NPR: chief,
66–69
,
71–72
,
90
; establishment,
90
; officers,
91–92
,
96
,
98
.
See also
Hayashi, Keizō

General Headquarters (GHQ), SCAP: building,
15
,
18
,
22
; Civil Information and Education Section,
14–15
; closing,
158
; G-2 (Intelligence) Section,
28
,
29
,
58
,
59
,
60
,
63
,
64
; G-3 (Operations) Section,
28
,
29
; Government Section,
28
,
38–39
,
60
,
66
,
67
; Korean War and,
21
; political parties and,
13
; reporting lines,
74
.
See also
Civil Affairs Section
;
supreme commander for Allied powers

Genyōsha (Dark Ocean Society),
149

Glover, Wellington,
24
,
79

Grew, Joseph C.,
50

Harmony (Peace) Party (Chōwa [Heiwa] Tō),
157

Hatoyama, Ichirō,
50–51

Hattori, Takushirō,
60–61
,
62–65
,
69
,
152–55
,
157

“Hattori Agency” (Hattori Kikan),
152–54

Hayashi, Keizō: accomplishments,
71–72
; American advisers and,
93–94
,
118
; appointment to head General Group, NPR,
66–68
,
69
; career,
66
,
68
,
91
; criticism of,
71
; discipline,
127–28
; on emperor,
114–15
,
120
; inspection tours,
114
; Masuhara and,
67
,
72
,
97–98
; May Day demonstrations and,
168
; peace treaty commemoration,
165
; Pulliam and,
68–69
; on spirit of soldiers,
109–11
; weapons plans,
134–35