An Inoffensive Rearmament (40 page)

Nambara, Shigeru,
13
,
15

Napoleon Bonaparte,
109

National Defense Council,
151
,
154

National Police Reserve, director general.
See
Masuhara, Keikichi

National Police Reserve (NPR; Kokka Keisatsu Yobitai): accomplishments,
177–81
; American advisers,
78–81
,
98
,
101
,
103
,
118
; American officers on staff,
29–31
,
45–47
,
73–74
,
82
,
98
,
100
,
140
; Americans in charge,
73
,
78
,
81–82
; assistant director general,
84
,
96
,
97
,
133–34
; Basic Plan,
23–24
,
27
; cabinet supervision,
97
; cadre list,
61
; camps,
77–81
,
83
,
94–95
,
123
,
134
; conference on operational policies,
31
; corruption allegations,
70
; criticism of,
27
,
70–71
,
72
,
123
,
129
,
131
,
152
,
153
,
154
; differences from Imperial forces,
177–80
; discipline,
42–43
,
178
; equipment and supplies,
27
,
81
,
82
,
83
,
95
; establishment,
25–26
,
31–32
,
41
,
87–88
; evaluation,
102
,
106–7
; expansion,
72
,
131
,
180
; General Group,
66–69
,
71–72
,
91–92
,
96
,
98
; goals,
51
,
53
; headquarters,
30–31
,
73–74
,
86–89
; headquarters staff,
87–89
,
90
,
94
,
95
,
96
,
98
,
104–5
; induction centers,
61–62
,
77–79
; infantry divisions,
27–28
; legality,
27
,
41
,
173
,
174–75
; manuals,
93–94
,
103
,
173
; military nature concealed,
27
,
93–94
,
121
,
122–23
,
132–33
,
173
; need for,
171–72
,
173–74
; number of personnel,
87–88
,
180
; organizing,
27–28
,
77–83
,
85
,
86–89
,
92–93
,
98–101
; as police force,
86–87
,
88
,
93–94
,
101
,
132
; potential communist infiltration,
69–70
; potential use in Korea,
52–54
,
152
; prime ministerial control,
28
; public perceptions,
176
; readiness,
102
,
104
,
106
; relations with people,
122–25
,
127–28
,
139
,
140–42
; as self-defense force,
53
,
139
,
173
; Shepard's role,
23
,
28–31
; significance for rearmament,
137–38
,
172
; use in domestic disturbances,
167
,
168–69
; Yoshida's policies,
52
,
55
,
136–37
,
143
.
See also
Civil Affairs Section Annex
;
weapons
;
yobitai

National Rural Police (Kokka Chihō Keisatsu): American supervision,
60
; director general,
68–69
,
86
; officers transferred to NPR,
82
,
90
; recruiting for NPR,
60
,
78
,
79
,
80
; size,
25

National Safety Agency (Kokka Hoancho),
87

National Safety Force (NSF; Kokka Hoantai),
72
,
131
,
169

nationalist organizations,
148–50
,
151–54
,
155–56
,
157
.
See also
militarists

newspapers: articles on NPR,
124–25
,
127
; circulation,
161
; criticism of NPR,
70–71
,
129
,
131
; public opinion polls,
140–43

Ninigi no Mikoto,
115

Nippon Times,
160

Nisei interpreters,
85–86

Nishiura, Susumu,
63
,
64–65

Nixon, Richard M.,
172

noncommissioned officers: in Imperial Army,
99
,
127
; in NPR,
102
,
127
,
139
,
178

North Atlantic Treaty,
11

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
12

North Korea,
8
,
51–52
,
107–8
.
See also
Korean War

Nosaka, Sanzō,
115

NPR.
See
National Police Reserve

NSF.
See
National Safety Force

nuclear weapons,
43
,
181

O'Brien, John W. A.,
24

occupation: accomplishments,
5–7
,
160
,
171–72
; American staff,
6
; bureaucratic resistance,
49
; conqueror's mindset,
53–54
,
85
; effects of Korean War,
9
,
21
,
146
; end of,
158–65
; Japanese bureaucrats and,
48–49
; life of American troops,
17
,
18
; MacArthur on,
6–7
; military oversight of government,
171
; mistakes made,
172–77
; objectives,
4–5
,
35
; political parties and,
175–76
; public opinion on,
57
,
143
; tasks,
17–18
; troop levels,
19
.
See also
supreme commander for Allied powers

officers, Imperial.
See
Imperial forces, former officers

officers, NPR: appointments,
50
,
69
,
89–90
,
100–101
,
176
; arrogant,
127–28
; captains,
100
,
103
,
127–28
,
129–31
; from civilian backgrounds,
101
,
102
,
103
; democratic commitment,
139–40
; differences from Imperial officers,
105–7
; experience,
81–82
,
91
,
105
; former Imperial officers as,
105–7
,
117–18
,
130–31
,
148
,
150–51
,
154
,
176
; General Group,
91–92
,
96
,
98
; from National Rural Police,
82
,
90
; noncommissioned,
102
,
127
,
139
,
178
; purged officers ineligible,
29
,
56–57
,
61
,
69
,
100–101
,
102
,
103–4
,
105–6
; recruiting,
60–62
,
65–66
,
69
,
103
; relations with troops,
178
; small-unit leaders,
99–100
,
102
,
103
,
129–30
; staff,
100
; training,
99–100
,
103
,
104
,
105
,
129–30
; uniforms,
91–92

Ōhashi, Takeo,
31
,
47–48
,
97
,
100–101
,
136
,
168

Okazaki, Katsuo,
31
,
84

Ōkuma, Shigenobu,
149

Ōsaka,
1
,
4
,
9
,
14
,
68
,
161
,
175–76

pacifism,
157

patriotism: American,
110
; Japanese,
46
,
112
,
113
,
119–20

peace treaty: hopes for,
7
; negotiations,
12
,
13
; ratification,
166
; unilateral,
13
,
20
,
162–63

Percy, Charles,
xix

police forces: expansion,
25–27
; municipal,
25
,
28
,
167
,
168
; rearmament through,
24–27
,
45–47
,
137–38
,
172
.
See also
National Police Reserve
;
National Rural Police

Potsdam Declaration,
38
,
56
,
146

Progressive Party (Kaishintō),
138
,
162

protests,
14–15
,
166–69

public opinion: on disarmament and rearmament,
29
,
52–53
,
139
,
140–43
,
165
; on NPR,
141
,
173
; on occupation,
57
,
143
; polls,
140–43

Public Safety Division,
31
,
60

Pulliam, Howard E.,
31
,
60
,
61
,
62
,
63
,
66
,
68–69
,
70

purge: benefits,
57
; exceptions,
62–63
,
65
,
100–101
; order for,
35
,
56
; people included,
5
,
57
,
59–60
; supporters,
148

purged officers: ineligibility for NPR,
29
,
56–57
,
61
,
69
,
100–101
,
102
,
103–4
,
105–6
; number of,
148
; removals from purge lists,
104–6
,
130–31
,
146–47
,
148
,
154
.
See also
Imperial forces, former officers
;
militarists

radicals,
3–4
.
See also
communism

Ratcliff, Clifton E.,
30
,
31
,
75–76
,
80
,
81

rearmament: constitutional change needed,
165
; denial,
132–33
,
173
; inoffensive,
181
; legality,
10
,
27
,
32
,
46
,
172
; MacArthur's order,
10
,
25–26
,
55
; mistakes made,
172–77
; of NPR,
27
,
43
,
101
,
132–33
,
135
; pace of,
27
,
179–80
; through police forces,
24–27
,
45–47
,
137–38
,
172
; public discussions,
135–39
,
140
;
public opinion on,
29
,
139
,
140–43
; Socialist opposition,
52
,
132
,
136
,
137
,
138
,
140
,
166
,
173–74
; supporters,
54
,
152
,
153
,
157
; through police forces,
24–27
,
45–47
,
137–38
,
172
; U.S. pressure,
140
,
144
,
152
; women's opposition,
52–53
,
142
,
143
,
165
; Yoshida on,
52–53
,
136–38
,
141–42
,
143–45
,
163
.
See also
weapons

Republic of Korea (ROK) Headquarters,
21–22

rice,
3–4
,
159
.
See also
agriculture
;
food supply system

Ridgway, Matthew B.,
78
,
104

rightist organizations,
148–50
,
151–54
,
155–57
.
See also
militarists

Roberts, William L.,
107

Robertson, Frank,
111

Russia.
See
Soviet Union

SACB.
See
Subversive Activities Control Board

safes,
94–95

Saitō, Noboru,
68
,
69
,
86

Sakhalin,
82–83
,
136