Arabs (111 page)
Cemal Pasha
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Ceuta (Spanish North African posession)
Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Chamoun, Camille
Chancellor, John
Charles V of Spain
Charles X of France
Chemical Ali.
See
Majid, Ali Hasan al-
See
Majid, Ali Hasan al-
Chevron
China, Communist.
See
People’s Republic of China
See
People’s Republic of China
Chou En-Lai (Zhou Enlai)
Christians
conquer Spain
Maronites.
See
Maronites
See
Maronites
massacred in Mount Lebanon and Damascus, 1860
in Ottoman government
in slavery
Churchill, Winston
Circle of equity
Clayton, Sir Gilbert
Clement, Marguerite
Clinton, Bill
Code de l’Indigénat
(Indigenous People’s Code, Algeria)
(Indigenous People’s Code, Algeria)
Cold War era
close of
détente
Eisenhower Doctrine
and Israeli invasion of Lebanon
Non-Aligned Movement.
See
Non-Aligned Movement
See
Non-Aligned Movement
Communist Party
in Algeria
in Syria
Congress of Berlin, 1878
Constantinople.
See
Istanbul
See
Istanbul
Constitution of 1876 (Ottoman Empire)
Constitutional government
Egypt
Ottoman Turkey
praise for
Tunisia
Cotton
Covenant of the League of Nations
Cox, Charles
Cox, Sir Percy
Crane, Charles R.
Crimean War
Croatia
Cromer, Lord (Sir Evelyn Baring)
Crusades
Cyprus
Damascus
under Ottoman rule
prostitution in
revolt against French
revolt against Ottomans
Damurdashi, Ahmad Karkhuda al-
Darwinism, social
Day of Maysalun
Dayr Yasin massacre
De Bunsen, Sir Maurice de Bunsen Committee, 1915
De Gaulle, Charles
De Lesseps, Ferdinand
De Rothschild, Baron Edmond
Delcassé, Théophile
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Depression era
Desert Storm War, 1991
Détente
Deval, Pierre
Devshirme
(boy levy)
(boy levy)
Dey,
role of
role of
Dinshaway Incident, 1906
Dir’iyya Agreement, 1744–1745
Disraeli, Benjamin
Doria, Andrea
Drake, Sir Francis
Druzes
and French colonialism
and Ottoman reform
Dulles, John Foster
Dayan, General Moshe
Dynastic rule
Education reform, Ottoman
Egypt
Abyssinian Campaign
under Ahmad Urabi
alliance with Soviets
under Anwar Sadat.
See
Sadat, Anwar
See
Sadat, Anwar
under British colonialism
Cairo.
See
Cairo
See
Cairo
conquered by Ottomans
Constitution of 1923,
constitutional government
declares bankruptcy, 1876
democracy in
food riots, 1977
free press
French in
Greek War
land taxation
under Nasser, Gamal Abdel.
See
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
See
Nasser, Gamal Abdel
newspapers
under Ottoman rule
peace treaty with Israel, 1979
post-World War I,
revolt against Ottomans
Revolution of 1919
role in First World War
scholars, in France
Six Day War
Treaty of 1922
union with Syria, 1958
Wafd government
War of Attrition
World War II
Egypt under Muhammad ‘Ali
Egyptian Army
acquires modern weapons
under Muhammad ’Ali Pasha
Egyptian Army, late nineteenth century
divisions within
Egyptians win recognition
Egyptian nationalists.
See also
Wafd (Egyptian nationalists)
See also
Wafd (Egyptian nationalists)
Egyptian press
Egyptian revolution, 1952
economy
land reform
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Eisenhower Doctrine
Enlightenment
Entente Cordiale
Eshkol, Levi
Ethnic cleansing
Europe.
See also
under individual countries
See also
under individual countries
abandons support of Ottoman Empire
alliance with Ottomans
conquers Ottoman Empire
and Greek War
loans, to Ottoman and North African countries
and Muhammad ’Ali
and Ottoman reform
Renaissance
science and technology
European warfare
Eveland, Wilbur Crane
Exodus
(Jewish refugee ship)
(Jewish refugee ship)
Exxon
Fakhr al-Din II
Faqar, Zayn al-, Mamluk commander
Faqari Mamluks
Faruq, King
Fascism
Fatah
Fatwas
Faysal I, King
addresses Paris Peace Conference, 1919
leads Arab Revolt, 1916-1918
rules Iraq
rules Syria, 1918-1920
Faysal II, King
Feminism.
See also
Women, role of
See also
Women, role of
Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
Filiki Etairia (Society of Friends), Greek nationalist movement
First World War
Arab Revolt
Arabists in
Egypt’s role
King-Crane Commission
Mecca and Medina
military conscription
Ottomans enter
Paris Peace Conference of 1919
partition of Ottoman lands
Syria’s role
FIS (Islamic Salvation Front), Algeria
Fisk, Robert
FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front)
Fly swatter incident
Ford, Gerald
Fourteen Points
France
Charles X, overthrown
colonies.
See
Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia
See
Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia
cotton trade
gains, in First World War
invasion of Egypt
July Revolution
Napoleon Bonaparte.
See
Bonaparte, Napoleon
See
Bonaparte, Napoleon
occupies Syria
Popular Front government
rules Syria and Lebanon
Vichy regime
Free French forces, World War II
Free Officers
and Muslim Brotherhood
French, in Vietnam
French Constitution of 1814
Fuad, King (Egypt)
Galilee
Gamasy, General Abd al-Ghani al-
Gambetta Note
Gaza Strip
occupation
Palestinian refugees in
Georges-Picot, Charles François
Germany
First World War
and scramble for Africa
Second World War.
See
Nazi Germany
See
Nazi Germany
Ghanim, Shukri
Ghazali, Janbirdi al-
Ghazali, Zaynab al-
Gibran, Khalil
Glubb, General John Bagot (Glubb Pasha)
Golan Heights
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Gore, Al
Gouraud, General Henri
Greater Syria
Greek independence
Greek War
Guantanamo Bay prison
Habsburg Austria
Hadid, Muhammad
Hadid, Shaykh Marwan.
See also
Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
See also
Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
Hadj, Messali
Hafiz, Moulay Abd al-
Haganah
Haifa, Palestine
Hamas (Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement)
Hammami, Said
Hammer, Armand
Hananu, Ibrahim
Hanbali school
Hariri, Rafiq
Hasan, Moulay
Hashemites.
See also
King Abdullah I, King Abdullah II, King Faisal I, King Faisal II, King Hussein, Sharif Husayn ibn Ali
See also
King Abdullah I, King Abdullah II, King Faisal I, King Faisal II, King Hussein, Sharif Husayn ibn Ali
Heikal, Mohammed
Herriot, Edouard
Herzl, Theodore,
The Jewish State
The Jewish State
Hijackings, airplane
Hijaz (Arabian province)
Ottoman Empire battles for
Hizbullah
Holocaust
Holy Places Dispute
Hostage crisis, American Embassy
Hot-air balloon, in Egypt
Hrawi, Elias
Hulagu
Hungary
Husayn ibn ’Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Husayn ibn ’Ali, Imam
Husayn Pasha, Dey of Algiers
Husayni, Abd al- Qadir al-
Husayni, Jamal al-
Husayni, Musa Kazim al-
Hussein, King of Jordan
Hussein, Qusay
Hussein, Saddam
assassination attempt
condemns Arab-United States alliance
creates oil slick
popularity
sons of
and weapons of mass destruction
Hussein, Uday
Ibn Iyas, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Mamluk chronicler
Ibn Saud (Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman Al Saud), King
Ibn Taymiyya
Ibn Tulun, Muhammad
Ibrahim Pasha, Nineteenth-century Egyptian general
Imam, definition
Independence Intifada, Lebanon, 2005
Indian Expeditionary Force, Mesopotamia WWI
Industrial Revolution
Intifada
second
Iran
ancient.
See
Persia
See
Persia
Islamic Revolution
oil production
support for Lebanese Shiites
takes hostages, at American Embassy
Iran-Iraq War
Iraq
under British colonialism
invaded by Britain
invades Kuwait.
See
Kuwait invaded by Iraq
See
Kuwait invaded by Iraq
Iran-Iraq War
Karbala
Kurds
nationalism
1958 revolution
oil production
post-World War I
under Saddam Hussein
shoe-throwing protester
Soviet Treaty of Friendship
tribal divisions
union with Jordan
United States supports
World War II
Iraqi Free Officers
Iraqi nationalists
Iraqi Uprising of 1920
Irgun
Iron Hand Society, Syrian nationalist movement
Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain
Islam
birth of
early
fundamentalists
Iranian Revolution.
See
Islamic Revolution, Iran
See
Islamic Revolution, Iran
mysticism
pilgrimage in
and polytheism
Wahhabism
Islambuli, Khalid al-
Islamic Jihad (group)
Islamic law (sharia).
See
Sharia
See
Sharia
Islamic nationalists.
See
Islamists
See
Islamists
Islamic Revolution, Iran
Islamists
Iran.
See
Islamic revolution, Iran
See
Islamic revolution, Iran
Lebanon.
See
Hizbullah
See
Hizbullah
Palestinian.
See
Hamas
See
Hamas
Saudi Arabia.
See also
Bin Ladin, Osama
See also
Bin Ladin, Osama
Ismail (khedive)
Israel.
See also
Jewish Agency, Palestine; Jews; Zionism
See also
Jewish Agency, Palestine; Jews; Zionism
and American diplomacy.
See
United States, diplomatic efforts
See
United States, diplomatic efforts
arms race
espionage
invades Lebanon
Iraq strikes
Likud government
massacres at Sabra and Shatila
military experience
1948 Arab-Israeli war
1956 Arab-Israeli war
peace negotiations
peace treaty with Egypt
Six Day War.
See
Arab-Israeli wars, 1967 War
See
Arab-Israeli wars, 1967 War
as United States ally
War of Attrition
Yom Kippur War.
See
Arab-Israeli wars, 1973 War
See
Arab-Israeli wars, 1973 War
Israeli-Lebanese Agreement of May 17, 1983
Issa, Mahmoud
Istanbul (Constantinople)
Istiqlal party
in Transjordan
in Morocco
Italy
colonization of Libya
Renaissance
and scramble for Africa
unification
Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman al-, Eighteenth-century Egyptian chronicler
Jahiliyya
Jalili family
Janissaries
Jaza’iri, Amir Abd al-Qadir al-, nineteenth-century Algerian leader
Jerusalem
Jewish Agency, Palestine
military experience
Jewish extremists
Jewish nationalism.
See
Zionism, Zionists
See
Zionism, Zionists
Jewish refugees, World War II
Jewish state.
See
Zionism, Zionists
See
Zionism, Zionists
Jewish State, The
(Herzl)
(Herzl)
Jews.
See also
Zionism, Zionists
See also
Zionism, Zionists
and Ottoman reform
pogrom, Iraqi
Jidda (port city)
Jihad
in Afghanistan
Algerian resistance
Barbary pirates
first Arab-Israeli war as
Palestinian
Syrian
on United States
Jihad, al-
(magazine)
(magazine)
Jim Crow laws
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Jordan.
See also
Transjordan
See also
Transjordan
Cold War era
1967 War
succession of King Abdullah II, 479–480
as United States ally
July Revolution of 1830 (France)
Jumblatt, Kamal
Kamil, Mustafa
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