Arabs (107 page)
36
Churchill’s memorandum is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 301–305. Emphasis in the original.
Churchill’s memorandum is reproduced in Hurewitz,
Middle East and North Africa
, vol. 2, pp. 301–305. Emphasis in the original.
37
Matiel E. T. Mogannam,
The Arab Woman and the Palestine Problem
(London: Herbert Joseph, 1937), pp. 70–73.
Matiel E. T. Mogannam,
The Arab Woman and the Palestine Problem
(London: Herbert Joseph, 1937), pp. 70–73.
38
Ibid., p. 99.
Ibid., p. 99.
40
Akram Zuaytir,
Yawmiyat Akram Zu’aytir: al-haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya, 1935–1939
[The diaries of Akram Zuaytir: The Palestinian national movement, 1935–1939] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 27–30.
Akram Zuaytir,
Yawmiyat Akram Zu’aytir: al-haraka al-wataniyya al-filastiniyya, 1935–1939
[The diaries of Akram Zuaytir: The Palestinian national movement, 1935–1939] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1980), pp. 27–30.
41
Ibid., p. 29.
Ibid., p. 29.
42
Ibid., pp. 32–33.
Ibid., pp. 32–33.
44
Abu Salman’s poem was reproduced by Palestinian novelist Ghassan Kanafani in his essay “Palestine, the 1936–1939 Revolt” (London: 1982).
Abu Salman’s poem was reproduced by Palestinian novelist Ghassan Kanafani in his essay “Palestine, the 1936–1939 Revolt” (London: 1982).
46
Tom Segev details these and other repressive measures undertaken by the British to combat the Arab Revolt in
One Palestine, Complete
, pp. 415–443. See also Matthew Hughes, “The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39,”
English Historical Review
124 (2009): 313–354.
Tom Segev details these and other repressive measures undertaken by the British to combat the Arab Revolt in
One Palestine, Complete
, pp. 415–443. See also Matthew Hughes, “The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39,”
English Historical Review
124 (2009): 313–354.
47
Harrie Arrigonie,
British Colonialism: 30 Years Serving Democracy or Hypocrisy
(Devon: Edward Gaskell, 1998), described these events, which took place the week before he arrived in Bassa. Arrigonie also reproduced photographs of the destroyed bus and the bodies of the villagers. An Arab account of the massacre is given by Eid Haddad, whose father witnessed the atrocity as a fifteen-year-old, though he dates the event to September 1936; “Painful memories from Al Bassa,”
http://www.palestineremembered.com
. A similar account was told to Ted Swedenburg from the village of Kuwaykat;
Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), pp. 107–108.
Chapter 8Harrie Arrigonie,
British Colonialism: 30 Years Serving Democracy or Hypocrisy
(Devon: Edward Gaskell, 1998), described these events, which took place the week before he arrived in Bassa. Arrigonie also reproduced photographs of the destroyed bus and the bodies of the villagers. An Arab account of the massacre is given by Eid Haddad, whose father witnessed the atrocity as a fifteen-year-old, though he dates the event to September 1936; “Painful memories from Al Bassa,”
http://www.palestineremembered.com
. A similar account was told to Ted Swedenburg from the village of Kuwaykat;
Memories of Revolt: The 1936–1939 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past
(Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), pp. 107–108.
2
Ammoun was accompanied by another Maronite, a Sunni Muslim, a Greek Orthodox Christian, and a Druze. Lyne Lohéac,
Daoud Ammoun et la Création de l’État libanais
(Paris: Klincksieck, 1978), p. 73.
Ammoun was accompanied by another Maronite, a Sunni Muslim, a Greek Orthodox Christian, and a Druze. Lyne Lohéac,
Daoud Ammoun et la Création de l’État libanais
(Paris: Klincksieck, 1978), p. 73.
3
Ammoun’s presentation was reported in the influential Paris daily,
Le Temps
, January 29, 1919, and reproduced in George Samné,
La Syrie
(Paris: Editions Bossard, 1920), pp. 231–232.
Ammoun’s presentation was reported in the influential Paris daily,
Le Temps
, January 29, 1919, and reproduced in George Samné,
La Syrie
(Paris: Editions Bossard, 1920), pp. 231–232.
5
Muhammad Jamil Bayhum,
Al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram fi Suriya wa Lubnan, 1918–1922
[The era of transition in Syria and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali’a, n.d. [1968]), p. 109.
Muhammad Jamil Bayhum,
Al-‘Ahd al-Mukhdaram fi Suriya wa Lubnan, 1918–1922
[The era of transition in Syria and Lebanon] (Beirut: Dar al-Tali’a, n.d. [1968]), p. 109.
6
Ibid., p. 110.
Ibid., p. 110.
8
Bishara Khalil al-Khoury,
Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya
[Lebanese realities], vol. 1 (Harisa, Lebanon: Basil Brothers, 1960), p. 106.
Bishara Khalil al-Khoury,
Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya
[Lebanese realities], vol. 1 (Harisa, Lebanon: Basil Brothers, 1960), p. 106.
10
Alphonse Zenié, quoted in ibid., p. 96.
Alphonse Zenié, quoted in ibid., p. 96.
11
Yusif Sawda, resident in Alexandria, cited in ibid., p. 139.
Yusif Sawda, resident in Alexandria, cited in ibid., p. 139.
13
Si Madani El Glaoui, cited in C. R. Pennell,
Morocco Since 1830: A History
(London: Hurst, 2000), p. 176.
Si Madani El Glaoui, cited in C. R. Pennell,
Morocco Since 1830: A History
(London: Hurst, 2000), p. 176.
15
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (Abd el-Krim) published a statement of his political views after his capture by the French in Rashid Rida’s influential magazine,
al-Manar
27, 1344–1345 (1926–1927): 630–634. For a translation see C. R. Pennell,
A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926
(Wisbech: MENAS Press, 1986), pp. 256–259.
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim (Abd el-Krim) published a statement of his political views after his capture by the French in Rashid Rida’s influential magazine,
al-Manar
27, 1344–1345 (1926–1927): 630–634. For a translation see C. R. Pennell,
A Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926
(Wisbech: MENAS Press, 1986), pp. 256–259.
16
Quoted in Pennell,
Country with a Government
, from French interviews with tribesmen after Abd el-Krim’s defeat, p. 186.
Quoted in Pennell,
Country with a Government
, from French interviews with tribesmen after Abd el-Krim’s defeat, p. 186.
17
Ibid., pp. 189–190.
Ibid., pp. 189–190.
18
Ibid., pp. 256–259.
Ibid., pp. 256–259.
19
Fawzi al-Qawuqji,
Mudhakkirat
[Memoirs of]
Fawzi al-Qawuqji
, vol. 1, 1914–1932 (Beirut: Dar al-Quds, 1975), p. 81.
Fawzi al-Qawuqji,
Mudhakkirat
[Memoirs of]
Fawzi al-Qawuqji
, vol. 1, 1914–1932 (Beirut: Dar al-Quds, 1975), p. 81.
20
Edmund Burke III, “A Comparative View of French Native Policy in Morocco and Syria, 1912–1925,”
Middle Eastern Studies
9 (1973): 175–186.
Edmund Burke III, “A Comparative View of French Native Policy in Morocco and Syria, 1912–1925,”
Middle Eastern Studies
9 (1973): 175–186.
21
Philip S. Khoury,
Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 102–108.
Philip S. Khoury,
Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920–1945
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 102–108.
22
Burke, “Comparative View,” pp. 179–180.
Burke, “Comparative View,” pp. 179–180.
27
Ibid., p. 89; Michael Provence,
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005), pp. 95–100.
Ibid., p. 89; Michael Provence,
The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005), pp. 95–100.
31
John Ruedy,
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
, 2nd ed. (Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 2005), p. 69.
John Ruedy,
Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation
, 2nd ed. (Bloomington and Indianapolis: University of Indiana Press, 2005), p. 69.
33
Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 296–300.
Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 296–300.
34
Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 298–304.
Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 298–304.
35
Ferhat Abbas,
Le jeune Algérien: De la colonie vers la province
[The young Algerian: From the colony toward the province] (Paris: Editions de la Jeune Parque, 1931), p. 8.
Ferhat Abbas,
Le jeune Algérien: De la colonie vers la province
[The young Algerian: From the colony toward the province] (Paris: Editions de la Jeune Parque, 1931), p. 8.
36
According to Ruedy’s figures, 206,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 26,000 were killed and 72,000 wounded; p. 111. Abbas claimed 250,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 80,000 died; p. 16.
According to Ruedy’s figures, 206,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 26,000 were killed and 72,000 wounded; p. 111. Abbas claimed 250,000 Algerians were drafted, of which 80,000 died; p. 16.
38
Ibid., p. 119.
Ibid., p. 119.
39
Ibid., pp. 91–93.
Ibid., pp. 91–93.
40
Claude Collot and Jean-Robert Henry,
Le Mouvement national algérien: Textes 1912–1954
[The Algerian national movement: Texts 1912–1954] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1978), pp. 66–67.
Claude Collot and Jean-Robert Henry,
Le Mouvement national algérien: Textes 1912–1954
[The Algerian national movement: Texts 1912–1954] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1978), pp. 66–67.
41
Ibid., pp. 68–69.
Ibid., pp. 68–69.
42
Ibid., pp. 38–39. On Messali, see Benjamin Stora,
Messali Hadj (1898–1974): pionnier du nationalism algérien
[Messali Hadj (1898–1974): Pioneer of Algerian nationalism] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986).
Ibid., pp. 38–39. On Messali, see Benjamin Stora,
Messali Hadj (1898–1974): pionnier du nationalism algérien
[Messali Hadj (1898–1974): Pioneer of Algerian nationalism] (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1986).
43
A full translation of the bill is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs
, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 504–508.
A full translation of the bill is reproduced in J. C. Hurewitz,
The Middle East and North Africa in World Affairs
, vol. 2 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 504–508.
45
Bishara al-Khoury,
Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya
[Lebanese realities], vol. 2 (Beirut: Awraq Lubnaniyya, 1960), pp. 15–16.
Bishara al-Khoury,
Haqa’iq Lubnaniyya
[Lebanese realities], vol. 2 (Beirut: Awraq Lubnaniyya, 1960), pp. 15–16.
46
Ibid., pp. 33–52.
Ibid., pp. 33–52.
47
Khalid al-Azm,
Mudhakkirat
[Memoirs of]
Khalid al-’Azm,
vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Muttahida, 1972), pp. 294–299.
Chapter 9Khalid al-Azm,
Mudhakkirat
[Memoirs of]
Khalid al-’Azm,
vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Muttahida, 1972), pp. 294–299.
1
Communiqué of the Jewish Underground Resistance in Palestine, cited in Menachem Begin,
The Revolt
(London: W. H. Allen, 1951), pp. 42–43.
Communiqué of the Jewish Underground Resistance in Palestine, cited in Menachem Begin,
The Revolt
(London: W. H. Allen, 1951), pp. 42–43.
2
Stern’s words were reproduced by Joseph Heller,
The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949
(London: Frank Cass, 1995), pp. 85–87.
Stern’s words were reproduced by Joseph Heller,
The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949
(London: Frank Cass, 1995), pp. 85–87.
4
Ibid., pp. 212–230.
Ibid., pp. 212–230.
5
Manchester Guardian
, August 1, 1947, p. 5, cited in Paul Bagon, “The Impact of the Jewish Underground upon Anglo Jewry: 1945–1947” (M.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2003), pp. 118–119.
Manchester Guardian
, August 1, 1947, p. 5, cited in Paul Bagon, “The Impact of the Jewish Underground upon Anglo Jewry: 1945–1947” (M.Phil. thesis, Oxford, 2003), pp. 118–119.
6
Jewish Chronicle
, August 8, 1947, p. 1, cited in Bagon, “Impact of the Jewish Underground,” p. 122.
Jewish Chronicle
, August 8, 1947, p. 1, cited in Bagon, “Impact of the Jewish Underground,” p. 122.
7
Cited in William Roger Louis,
The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 485.
Cited in William Roger Louis,
The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 485.
8
Charles D. Smith,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001) pp. 190–192.
Charles D. Smith,
Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
, 4th ed. (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001) pp. 190–192.
11
Qasim al-Rimawi accompanied Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni to Damascus and gave his account to the Palestinian historian of the 1948 Palestinian “Catastrophe,” Arif al-Arif; see al-Arif,
al-Nakba: Nakbat Bayt al-Maqdis wa’l-Firdaws al-Mafqud
[The catastrophe: The catastrophe of Jerusalem and the lost paradise], vol. 1 (Sidon and Beirut: al-Maktaba al-‘Asriyya, 1951), pp. 159–161.
Qasim al-Rimawi accompanied Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni to Damascus and gave his account to the Palestinian historian of the 1948 Palestinian “Catastrophe,” Arif al-Arif; see al-Arif,
al-Nakba: Nakbat Bayt al-Maqdis wa’l-Firdaws al-Mafqud
[The catastrophe: The catastrophe of Jerusalem and the lost paradise], vol. 1 (Sidon and Beirut: al-Maktaba al-‘Asriyya, 1951), pp. 159–161.
12
Ibid., p. 161. In a footnote, Arif reminded his readers that other British soldiers had joined forces with the Haganah.
Ibid., p. 161. In a footnote, Arif reminded his readers that other British soldiers had joined forces with the Haganah.
13
Ibid., p. 168.
Ibid., p. 168.
14
Ibid., pp. 171 and 170.
Ibid., pp. 171 and 170.
15
Testimony of Ahmad Ayesh Khalil, son of a factory owner, and of Aisha Jima Ziday (Zaydan), from a family of small farmers who was seventeen at the time, reproduced in Staughton Lynd, Sam Bahour, and Alice Lynd, eds.,
Homeland: Oral Histories of Palestine and Palestinians
(New York: Olive Branch Press, 1994), pp. 24–26.
Testimony of Ahmad Ayesh Khalil, son of a factory owner, and of Aisha Jima Ziday (Zaydan), from a family of small farmers who was seventeen at the time, reproduced in Staughton Lynd, Sam Bahour, and Alice Lynd, eds.,
Homeland: Oral Histories of Palestine and Palestinians
(New York: Olive Branch Press, 1994), pp. 24–26.
17
Ibid., pp. 173–174.
Ibid., pp. 173–174.
18
Ibid., pp. 174–175.
Ibid., pp. 174–175.
19
Benny Morris,
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 30.
Benny Morris,
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 30.
20
Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim,
al-Difa’ ‘an Hayfa wa qadiyyat filastin
[The defense of Haifa and the Palestine problem] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2005), p. 44.
Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim,
al-Difa’ ‘an Hayfa wa qadiyyat filastin
[The defense of Haifa and the Palestine problem] (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 2005), p. 44.
21
Ibid., p. 104.
Ibid., p. 104.
22
Ibid., pp. 109–112.
Ibid., pp. 109–112.
23
From the diary of Khalil al-Sakakini, quoted in Tom Segev,
One Palestine, Complete
(London: Abacus, 2000), p. 508.
From the diary of Khalil al-Sakakini, quoted in Tom Segev,
One Palestine, Complete
(London: Abacus, 2000), p. 508.
25
Avi Shlaim,
The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, 1921–1951
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
Avi Shlaim,
The Politics of Partition: King Abdullah, the Zionists, and Palestine, 1921–1951
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
27
Quoted in Fawaz Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds.,
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 159.
Quoted in Fawaz Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” in Eugene Rogan and Avi Shlaim, eds.,
The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 159.
28
Avi Shlaim, “Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948,” in ibid., p. 81. Only the Egyptian army expanded its numbers significantly in the course of the war, from an initial deployment of 10,000 to a maximum of 45,000 by the end of the war. Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” p. 166.
Avi Shlaim, “Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948,” in ibid., p. 81. Only the Egyptian army expanded its numbers significantly in the course of the war, from an initial deployment of 10,000 to a maximum of 45,000 by the end of the war. Gerges, “Egypt and the 1948 War,” p. 166.
29
Gamal Abdel Nasser,
The Philosophy of the Revolution
(Buffalo, NY: Economica Books, 1959), pp. 28–29.
Gamal Abdel Nasser,
The Philosophy of the Revolution
(Buffalo, NY: Economica Books, 1959), pp. 28–29.
33
Ibid., p. 24.
Ibid., p. 24.
34
Alami, “Lesson of Palestine,” p. 390.
Alami, “Lesson of Palestine,” p. 390.
35
Richard P. Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 6.
Richard P. Mitchell,
The Society of the Muslim Brothers
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 6.
36
’Adil Arslan,
Mudhakkirat al-Amir ‘Adil Arslan
[The memoirs of Amir ’Adil Arslan], vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-Taqaddumiya, 1983), p. 806.
’Adil Arslan,
Mudhakkirat al-Amir ‘Adil Arslan
[The memoirs of Amir ’Adil Arslan], vol. 2 (Beirut: Dar al-Taqaddumiya, 1983), p. 806.
37
Avi Shlaim, “Husni Za‘im and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
15 (Summer 1986): 68–80.
Avi Shlaim, “Husni Za‘im and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria,”
Journal of Palestine Studies
15 (Summer 1986): 68–80.
39
Mary Wilson,
King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 209–213.
Chapter 10Mary Wilson,
King Abdullah, Britain, and the Making of Jordan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 209–213.
1
Nawal El Saadawi,
A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi
(London: Zed Books, 2000), pp. 260–261.
Nawal El Saadawi,
A Daughter of Isis: The Autobiography of Nawal El Saadawi
(London: Zed Books, 2000), pp. 260–261.
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