Been in the Storm So Long (129 page)

73.
Macrae,
Americans at Home
, 348. See also Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 142.

74.
W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VI: Ala. Narr., 80.

75.
De Forest,
Union Officer in the Reconstruction
, 65.

76.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 131, 133; W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 199–200.

77.
Armstrong and Ludlow,
Hampton and Its Students
, 105; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 189; Macrae,
Americans at Home
, 317. See also Forten,
Journal
, 134.

78.
Armstrong and Ludlow,
Hampton and Its Students
, 109–14.

79.
Reid,
After the War
, 478; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina. For the similar experience of Pierce Butler and his daughter, Frances Leigh, as they returned to their extensive rice plantations in Georgia, see Frances B. Leigh,
Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation since the War
(London, 1883), 14–15, 21–22.

80.
Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 540. A similar experience may be found in Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Univ. of South Carolina.

81.
Edward Barnwell Heyward to “Tat” [Catherine Maria Clinch Heyward] [c. 1867], Heyward Family Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 154–55.

82.
Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 341–45.

83.
Easterby (ed.),
South Carolina Rice Plantation
, 209–11, 328–29; Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 260–75.

84.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 54; Eppes,
Through Some Eventful Years
, 272; Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 138, 147; Jervey and Ravenel,
Two Diaries
(entry for Feb. 27, 1865), 6; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 273; V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 216; VII: Miss Narr., 94; Lyle Saxon, Edward Dreyer, and Robert Tallant (eds.),
Gumbo Ya-Ya: A Collection of Louisiana Folk Tales
(Cambridge, 1945), 256.

85.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, X: Ark. Narr. (Part 6), 65–66. See also XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 170; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 335; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 209.

86.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 50; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 145.

87.
Ibid.
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 109; VI: Ala. Narr., 381; III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 141. See also II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 340, and V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 16.

88.
Ibid.
, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 142; Andrews (ed.),
Women of the South in War Times
, 192–93; Eppes,
Negro of the Old South
, 119. For other examples, see Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 144–46: VI: Ala. Narr., 219; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 65, 147, (Part 2), 75–76; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 347.

89.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 78; III: S.C. Narr. (Part 4), 119; Armstrong,
Old Massa’s People
, 315; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 492.

90.
Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 183; Caroline R. Ravenel to D. E. Huger Smith, July 26 [1865], in D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 225. For similar sentiments, see Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 76, and Pringle,
Chronicles of Chicora Wood
, 283–84.

91.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten History, 202; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 234; Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 29–30. For a classic example of such testimony, see Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 71–72.

92.
W. L. DeRosset to Louis Henry DeRosset, June 20, 1866, DeRosset Family Papers, Univ. of North Carolina.

93.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 200, (Part 2), 133;
Washington,
Up from Slavery
, 21. For other examples, see Heyward,
Seed from Madagascar
, 129; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 211; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 178; IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 241, (Part 2), 211, (Part 3), 257, (Part 4), 82, 172–73; VII: Okla. Narr., 133; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 9, 38, (Part 2), 153; XII and XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 1), 50, 181–82, 271, (Part 4), 112; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 661.

94.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 133; XVII: Fla. Narr., 160–61; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 211.

95.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 301; Wiley,
Southern Negroes
, 22; WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 209–10.

96.
New York Tribune
, April 6, 1865;
New York Times
, Jan. 17, 1864.

97.
Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for May 30, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Josiah Gorgas, Ms. Journal, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 133.

98.
Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for May 30, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; D. E. H. Smith (ed.),
Mason Smith Family Letters
, 192; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 37.

99.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 151. See also IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 277.

100.
“Narrative of William Wells Brown,” in Osofsky (ed.),
Puttin’ On Ole Massa
, 220; “Extracts from Letters from Mississippi,” in
American Freedman
, III (July 1869), 20.

101.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 29.

1.
William Francis Allen, Charles Pickard Ware, and Lucy McKim Garrison (eds.),
Slave Songs of the United States
(New York, 1867; repr. 1965), 94; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 218.

2.
Andrews,
The South since the War
, 188.

3.
Eppes,
Negro of the Old South
, 121–22, 130, 138–39.

4.
Trowbridge,
The South
, 68; Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 190. For the same imagery, see also Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 227.

5.
Coulter, “Slavery and Freedom in Athens, Georgia, 1860–66,” in Miller and Genovese (eds.),
Plantation, Town, and County
, 360;
Cincinnati Enquirer
, as quoted in
Cleveland Leader
, May 22, 1865.

6.
Avary,
Dixie after the War
, 193. For an ex-slave who thought staying with her “white folks” after emancipation would help to turn her white, see Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 6.

7.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 165–67.

8.
Eppes, Negro of the Old South
, 143, 133; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 329; William W. Ball,
The State That Forgot: South Carolina’s Surrender to Democracy
(Indianapolis, 1932), 129.

9.
WPA,
Negro in Virginia
, 212; Pearson (ed.),
Letters from Port Royal
, 181; H. G. Spaulding, “Under the Palmetto,” as reprinted in Bruce Jackson (ed.),
The Negro and His Folklore in Nineteenth-Century Periodicals
(Austin, 1967), 71; Higginson,
Army Life in a Black Regiment
, 218; Waterbury,
Seven Years Among the Freedmen
, 76.

10.
Nevins,
War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
, 414;
New York Times
, Nov. 12, 1865; Richardson,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida
, 10–11; Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for May 24, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina.

11.
Reid,
After the War
, 370; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 170; Williamson,
After Slavery
, 8;
New York Times
, Oct. 13, 1862. For similar expressions, see
National Freedman
, II (Jan. 15, 1866), 22; Miss Emma B. Eveleth to Rev. Samuel Hunt, May 2, 1866, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 44.

12.
H. R. Brinkerhoff to Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard, July 8, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 286–89.

13.
Reid,
After the War
, 419–20; Taylor,
Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia
, 82. See also Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten Historv. 267.

14.
Forten,
Journal
, 139; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, VII: Okla. Narr., 209.

15.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 78; Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 532.

16.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 153.

17.
Ibid.
, XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 76, (Part 2), 351; VII: Okla. Narr., 51. See also
National Freedman
, II (Jan. 15, 1866), 23.

18.
Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 468; Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, XVIII: Unwritten History, 274; Swint (ed.),
Dear Ones at Home
, 99. See also Haviland,
A Woman’s Life-Work
, 266–67.

19.
39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27,
Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau made since December 1, 1865
, 151; 38 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 53,
Preliminary Report Touching the Condition and Management of Emancipated Refugees, Made to the Secretary of War by the American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission, June 30, 1863
(Washington, D.C., 1864), 3–4; De Forest,
Union Officer in the Reconstruction
, 36; Dennett,
The South As It Is
, 130. See also
National Freedman
, I (Sept. 15, 1865), 255–56, III (July 1869), 20;
New York Tribune
, Dec. 2, 1865.

20.
Genovese,
Roll, Jordan, Roll
, 451; Herbert G. Gutman,
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750–1925
(New York, 1976), 264–65.

21.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 4), 183; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 593; Perdue et al. (eds.),
Weevils in the Wheat
, 264–65;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, Aug. 19, 1865, as quoted in Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 144n.

22.
Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 163–64. See also Reid,
After the War
, 220–21.

23.
Waterbury,
Seven Years Among the Freedmen
, 74–75, 76.

24.
Colored Tennessean
, Aug. 12, Oct. 14, 1865. For other examples, see
Christian Recorder
, April 13, 1863;
Black Republican
, April 15, 22, 29, May 13, 20, 1865;
Colored American
(Augusta, Ga.), Dec. 30, 1865, Jan. 13, 1866;
Colored Tennessean
, March 24, 31, 1866;
Tennessean
, July 18, 1866;
New Era
(Washington, D.C.), July 28, 1870.

25.
Swint (ed.),
Dear Ones at Home
, 242–43. See also
ibid.
, 56–57, and Botume,
First Days Amongst the Contrabands
, 154–56.

26.
New York Times
, Sept. 8, 1865; Fanny Smart to Adam Smart, Feb. 13, 1866, filed with the Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

27.
Albert,
House of Bondage
, 102–17.

28.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 231, 39. For post-emancipation “reunions” of married partners living on separate places, see, e.g., II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 82, (Part 4), 111; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 158; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 117, 212; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 286–89, (Part 2), 369; Blassingame (ed.),
Slave Testimony
, 661. The question of where a couple would settle sometimes proved difficult to resolve, with the husband or wife not always willing to leave a “secure” plantation for the uncertainty of the road or the place where the other spouse worked. See, e.g., Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 131, and XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 165, 166.

29.
Rawick (ed.),
American Slave
, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 213; VII: Miss. Narr., 53–54; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27,
Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau
[1865–66], 151–52.

30.
Rawick, (ed.),
American Slave
, XVI: Tenn. Narr., 19–21; VII: Miss. Narr., 13–15.

31.
Ibid.
, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 248–52. See also XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 117, and Chesnut,
Diary from Dixie
, 533.