Blood of Tyrants: George Washington & the Forging of the Presidency (53 page)
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Authors: Logan Beirne
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32
McCullough,
1776
, 208.
McCullough,
1776
, 208.
33
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 5:749.
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 5:749.
34
McCullough,
1776
, 208.
McCullough,
1776
, 208.
35
Nathanael Greene to Washington, September 5, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 456.
Nathanael Greene to Washington, September 5, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 456.
36
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 5:733.
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 5:733.
37
Washington to Lund Washington, October 6, 1776.
Chapter 15: OnslaughtWashington to Lund Washington, October 6, 1776.
1
Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, September 15, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six,
464.
Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, September 15, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six,
464.
2
Ibid.
Ibid.
3
Joseph Plumb Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
(New York: Signet Classics, 2001), 31.
Joseph Plumb Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
(New York: Signet Classics, 2001), 31.
4
Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, September 15, 1776.
Journal of Ambrose Serle, Secretary to Lord Howe, September 15, 1776.
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
Ibid.
7
Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
, 31.
Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
, 31.
8
Ibid., 32.
Ibid., 32.
9
McCullough,
1776
, 213.
McCullough,
1776
, 213.
10
General George Weedon to John Page, President of the Virginia Council, September 20, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 467.
General George Weedon to John Page, President of the Virginia Council, September 20, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 467.
11
Colonel George Hanger,
To All Sportsmen and Particularly Farmers, and Gamekeepers
(1814), 205, as qtd. in Harold L. Peterson,
The Book of the Continental Soldier
(Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Co., 1968), 27.
Colonel George Hanger,
To All Sportsmen and Particularly Farmers, and Gamekeepers
(1814), 205, as qtd. in Harold L. Peterson,
The Book of the Continental Soldier
(Harrisburg, Penn.: Stackpole Co., 1968), 27.
12
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
Diary of Captain Frederick Mackenzie, September 20, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 473.
Diary of Captain Frederick Mackenzie, September 20, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 473.
14
Eyewitnesses reported that the fire broke out in multiple locations, thus indicating arson. However, it is possible that the fire was indeed accidental and the wind spread it to other buildings, thereby making it appear to originate from multiple places. Barnet Schecter,
The Battle for New York
(New York: Walker & Co., 2002), 206.
Eyewitnesses reported that the fire broke out in multiple locations, thus indicating arson. However, it is possible that the fire was indeed accidental and the wind spread it to other buildings, thereby making it appear to originate from multiple places. Barnet Schecter,
The Battle for New York
(New York: Walker & Co., 2002), 206.
15
Sir William Howe to Lord George Germain, September 23, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 475. To the contrary, see Schecter,
The Battle for New York
, 207. Some Americans blamed the British and Hessians for starting it as pretext for plunder.
Sir William Howe to Lord George Germain, September 23, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 475. To the contrary, see Schecter,
The Battle for New York
, 207. Some Americans blamed the British and Hessians for starting it as pretext for plunder.
16
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 471.
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 471.
17
Diary of Captain Frederick Mackenzie, September 20, 1776.
Diary of Captain Frederick Mackenzie, September 20, 1776.
18
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 107.
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 107.
19
Governor William Tryon to Lord Germain, September 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 6:370.
Governor William Tryon to Lord Germain, September 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 6:370.
20
William Glanville Evelyn,
Memoir and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn, of the 4th Regiment from North American, 1774–1776
, ed. G. D. Scull (1879), 86.
William Glanville Evelyn,
Memoir and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn, of the 4th Regiment from North American, 1774–1776
, ed. G. D. Scull (1879), 86.
21
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 471.
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 471.
22
Ibid., 468.
Ibid., 468.
23
Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman to his father, September 19, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 470.
Lieutenant Colonel Tench Tilghman to his father, September 19, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 470.
24
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 468.
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 468.
25
Journal of Dr. James Thacher, September 15, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 64. It is likely that the British tarried due to Clinton’s orders, but the Americans nevertheless credited Mrs. Murray as their savior. Special thanks to Jonathan Rollo for his insight into this event.
Journal of Dr. James Thacher, September 15, 1776, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 64. It is likely that the British tarried due to Clinton’s orders, but the Americans nevertheless credited Mrs. Murray as their savior. Special thanks to Jonathan Rollo for his insight into this event.
26
Diary of Frederick Mackenzie
(New York: Arno Press, 1967), 111–12, qtd. in Edwin G. Burrows,
Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners during the Revolutionary War
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 276n8.
Diary of Frederick Mackenzie
(New York: Arno Press, 1967), 111–12, qtd. in Edwin G. Burrows,
Forgotten Patriots: The Untold Story of American Prisoners during the Revolutionary War
(New York: Basic Books, 2008), 276n8.
27
Abigail Adams to John Adams, July 31, 1776, in
The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784
, ed. L. H. Butterfield et al. (1975; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002), 164.
Abigail Adams to John Adams, July 31, 1776, in
The Book of Abigail and John: Selected Letters of the Adams Family, 1762–1784
, ed. L. H. Butterfield et al. (1975; Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2002), 164.
28
Ibid. Abigail Adams did not believe the spanking rumors, however.
Ibid. Abigail Adams did not believe the spanking rumors, however.
29
Joan N. Burstyn,
Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women
(Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990), 32. Mary Hays McCauley’s exact age is unknown, but it is estimated that she was born on October 13, 1754. Many historians believe that Mary “became immortalized as the representative, if not the only, ‘Molly Pitcher,’” a name given to the various women who took direct action in the war effort. Ibid.
Joan N. Burstyn,
Past and Promise: Lives of New Jersey Women
(Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1990), 32. Mary Hays McCauley’s exact age is unknown, but it is estimated that she was born on October 13, 1754. Many historians believe that Mary “became immortalized as the representative, if not the only, ‘Molly Pitcher,’” a name given to the various women who took direct action in the war effort. Ibid.
30
Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
, 88. Special thanks to Joseph Gonzalez for his excellent insights into this event, which occurred at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.
Martin,
A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier
, 88. Special thanks to Joseph Gonzalez for his excellent insights into this event, which occurred at the Battle of Monmouth, New Jersey.
31
Linda Grant De Pauw, “Women in Combat: The Revolutionary War Experience,”
Armed Forces and Society
7 no. 2 (1981): 218.
Linda Grant De Pauw, “Women in Combat: The Revolutionary War Experience,”
Armed Forces and Society
7 no. 2 (1981): 218.
32
Gettysburg Compiler
, March 27, 1822.
Gettysburg Compiler
, March 27, 1822.
33
Washington and Congress initially rejected slaves and free African Americans from the army; but when the British began to enlist free blacks and promise freedom to slaves, Washington changed his mind and allowed free blacks to fight.
Washington and Congress initially rejected slaves and free African Americans from the army; but when the British began to enlist free blacks and promise freedom to slaves, Washington changed his mind and allowed free blacks to fight.
34
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 52.
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 52.
35
Ibid.
Ibid.
36
Robert C. Doyle,
The Enemy in Our Hands: America’s Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War, from the Revolution to the War on Terror
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010), 29. Estimation based on
MeasuringWorth.com
’s conversion using average earnings.
Robert C. Doyle,
The Enemy in Our Hands: America’s Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War, from the Revolution to the War on Terror
(Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010), 29. Estimation based on
MeasuringWorth.com
’s conversion using average earnings.
37
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 60.
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 60.
38
The Examination of Witnesses in the House of Commons on the Conduct of Lord Howe and Sir William Howe, 1779: The Examination of General Robertson, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 529. See also Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 64.
The Examination of Witnesses in the House of Commons on the Conduct of Lord Howe and Sir William Howe, 1779: The Examination of General Robertson, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 529. See also Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 64.
39
From Philipp Losch,
Soldatenhandel : mit einem Verzeichnis der Hessen-kasselischen Subsidienvertra
ge und einer Bibliographie
(Kassel: Hamecher, 1974), as translated in Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 63.
From Philipp Losch,
Soldatenhandel : mit einem Verzeichnis der Hessen-kasselischen Subsidienvertra
ge und einer Bibliographie(Kassel: Hamecher, 1974), as translated in Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 63.
40
American Archives
, Fifth Series, 3:1188.
American Archives
, Fifth Series, 3:1188.
41
Memoirs of Elisha Bostwick of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 512.
Memoirs of Elisha Bostwick of the Seventh Connecticut Regiment, in
The Spirit of Seventy-Six
, 512.
42
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 114.
Fischer,
Washington’s Crossing
, 114.
43
Washington Irving,
Life of George Washington
, 1:297.
Chapter 16: The Times That Try Men’s SoulsWashington Irving,
Life of George Washington
, 1:297.
1
McCullough,
1776
, 249.
McCullough,
1776
, 249.
2
Geo. Bickham, Council of Safety Report, December 27, 1776, in Clark Kinnaird,
George Washington: The Pictorial Biography
(New York: Hastings House, 1967), 106.
Geo. Bickham, Council of Safety Report, December 27, 1776, in Clark Kinnaird,
George Washington: The Pictorial Biography
(New York: Hastings House, 1967), 106.
3
Ibid.
Ibid.
4
Chernow,
Washington: A Life
, 263.
Chernow,
Washington: A Life
, 263.
5
McCullough,
1776
, 267.
McCullough,
1776
, 267.
6
Joseph R. Conlin,
The American Past: A Survey of American History
(San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 147.
Joseph R. Conlin,
The American Past: A Survey of American History
(San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 147.
7
Ibid.
Ibid.
8
Thomas Jones,
A History of New York During the Revolutionary War
, ed. Edward Floyd de Lancy (1879), 1:351.
Thomas Jones,
A History of New York During the Revolutionary War
, ed. Edward Floyd de Lancy (1879), 1:351.
9
Carol Berkin,
Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence
(New York: Random House, 2006), 65.
Carol Berkin,
Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America’s Independence
(New York: Random House, 2006), 65.
10
Francis Josiah Hudleston,
Warriors in Undress
(1926), 90.
Francis Josiah Hudleston,
Warriors in Undress
(1926), 90.
11
Benson J. Lossing,
The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution
(1866), 611.
Benson J. Lossing,
The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution
(1866), 611.
12
Marvin Olasky,
The American Leadership Tradition
(New York: Free Press, 2000), 9.
Marvin Olasky,
The American Leadership Tradition
(New York: Free Press, 2000), 9.
13
Ibid. This verse was directed at Howe’s inactivity while he was in Philadelphia.
Ibid. This verse was directed at Howe’s inactivity while he was in Philadelphia.
14
George Washington to Fielding Lewis, July 6, 1780, in
The Writings of George Washington
, 154, 157.
George Washington to Fielding Lewis, July 6, 1780, in
The Writings of George Washington
, 154, 157.
15
Thomas Paine,
The Crisis
, December 23, 1776.
Thomas Paine,
The Crisis
, December 23, 1776.
16
Washington to Lund Washington, September 30, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 6:440–43.
Washington to Lund Washington, September 30, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 6:440–43.
17
Washington to Samuel Washington, December 18, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 7:370.
Washington to Samuel Washington, December 18, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 7:370.
18
Charles Lee to Joseph Reed, November 24, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series,
7:237n1.
Charles Lee to Joseph Reed, November 24, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series,
7:237n1.
19
Charles Lee to Horatio Gates, December 13, 1776, in
American Archives
, Fifth Series, 3:1201.
Charles Lee to Horatio Gates, December 13, 1776, in
American Archives
, Fifth Series, 3:1201.
20
Washington to Colonel Reed, 1776, qtd. in George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin,
Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It
(Cleveland: World Publishing, 1957), 204.
Washington to Colonel Reed, 1776, qtd. in George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin,
Rebels and Redcoats: The American Revolution Through the Eyes of Those Who Fought and Lived It
(Cleveland: World Publishing, 1957), 204.
21
Qtd. in Joseph J. Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
(2004), 96.
Qtd. in Joseph J. Ellis,
His Excellency: George Washington
(2004), 96.
22
Washington to Lund Washington, September 30, 1776.
Chapter 17: ReevaluationWashington to Lund Washington, September 30, 1776.
1
McCullough,
1776
, 268.
McCullough,
1776
, 268.
2
Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 36, IV, folio 241, Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 36, IV, folio 241, Library of Congress Manuscript Division.
3
McCullough,
1776
, 255.
McCullough,
1776
, 255.
4
Journal of Sergeant William Young,
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
8 (1884), 255.
Journal of Sergeant William Young,
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
8 (1884), 255.
5
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 6:1022.
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 6:1022.
6
Washington to Hancock, December 12, 1776.
Washington to Hancock, December 12, 1776.
7
Benjamin Harrison V, qtd. in
Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State
, Writers’ Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Maryland (1940), 208.
Benjamin Harrison V, qtd. in
Maryland: A Guide to the Old Line State
, Writers’ Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Maryland (1940), 208.
8
Journals of the Continental Congress
, December 12, 1776, 6:1027.
Journals of the Continental Congress
, December 12, 1776, 6:1027.
9
His tone remained polite and mostly humble, but there certainly was an authoritative shift.
His tone remained polite and mostly humble, but there certainly was an authoritative shift.
10
Circular to the New England States, February 6, 1777, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 8:257.
Circular to the New England States, February 6, 1777, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 8:257.
11
Washington to John Hancock, December 20, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 7:381.
Washington to John Hancock, December 20, 1776, in
The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series
, 7:381.
12
Ibid.
Ibid.
13
Ibid.
Ibid.
14
Ibid., 381–86
Ibid., 381–86
15
Ibid., 382.
Ibid., 382.
16
Ibid.
Ibid.
17
Ibid.
Ibid.
18
Greene was likely complicit in the disastrous Battle of Fort Washington.
Greene was likely complicit in the disastrous Battle of Fort Washington.
19
Nathanael Greene to Washington, in George Washington Green,
Life of Nathanael Greene
(1871), 1:346.
Nathanael Greene to Washington, in George Washington Green,
Life of Nathanael Greene
(1871), 1:346.
20
General Greene to John Hancock, the President of Congress, December 21, 1776, in
The Papers of General Nathanael Greene
, 1:370, 372. Emphasis added.
General Greene to John Hancock, the President of Congress, December 21, 1776, in
The Papers of General Nathanael Greene
, 1:370, 372. Emphasis added.
21
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 6:1045–46.
Journals of the Continental Congress
, 6:1045–46.
22
Ibid., 1047.
Ibid., 1047.
23
Jared Sparks,
The Life of George Washington
(Boston, 1839), 208.
Jared Sparks,
The Life of George Washington
(Boston, 1839), 208.
24
“The Continental Congress Grants Washington Greater Powers, December 27, 1776,” The American Revolution, 1763–1783, Library of Congress.
“The Continental Congress Grants Washington Greater Powers, December 27, 1776,” The American Revolution, 1763–1783, Library of Congress.
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