Authors: Mario Livio
Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein - Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (52 page)
The author and publisher gratefully acknowledge permission to reprint the following material:
Art
Figures
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: by Pam Jeffries.
Figure
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: Courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology.
Figures
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: By permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge.
Figures
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: Einstein, Albert; The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. © 1987–Current Year. Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press.
Figures
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: Courtesy of Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, through the assistance of Mark Hurn.
Figure
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: Courtesy of the author, processed by Amanda Smith, Graphics Office, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.
Figure
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: Courtesy of Amanda Smith, Graphics Office, Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge.
Figures
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: Courtesy of Pauling Collection, Oregon State University Libraries, Special Collections and Archives Research Center.
Figure
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: Courtesy of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
Figures
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: Courtesy of the Archives Georges Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, Centre de Recherche sur le Terre et le Climat G. Lemaître, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique.
Figure
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: Courtesy of the Reel Poster Gallery, London.
Figure
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: Reprinted by permission from Nature Publishing Group, Macmillan Publishers Ltd:
Nature
, April 25, 1953.
Figures
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: Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library.
Figure
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: Courtesy of the Royal Astronomical Society Library, Royal Astronomical Society Correspondence 1931.
Text
Quotes from Einstein on pages
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: By permission of the Albert Einstein Archives, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Quotes from Hoyle on pages
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: By permission of the Master and Fellows of St. John’s College, Cambridge. Through the assistance of Mr. Geoffrey Hoyle.
Quote from Gold on page
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: By permission of the Niels Bohr Library and Archives, American Institute of Physics.
Good faith efforts have been made to contact the copyright holders of the art and text in this book, but in a few cases the author has been unable to locate them. Such copyright holders should contact Simon & Schuster, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.
A for Andromeda
(television drama),
158
Abiogenesis,
298
n
Accelerating expansion,
224
,
226
–27,
252
–56
Accelerating Universe, The
(Livio),
23
–24
Athenaeum
,
281
n
Adams, Frank Dawson,
94
–95
Admiralty Signals Establishment,
182
Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist
(essay collection),
266
American Chemical Society,
Journal of
,
112
,
119
American Physical Society,
175
Anschütz, Ludwig,
287
n
Anthropics,
256
–64
Aquinas, Thomas,
7
Argonne National Laboratory,
283
n
Astbury, William,
105
,
111
,
113
–14,
120
,
122
,
127
,
128
,
132
,
154
Aston, Francis,
161
Astrophysics,
10
,
68
,
156
,
158
–59,
164
,
170
–71,
180
,
182
–83,
219
,
235
,
294
n
cosmological constant in,
247
principle of homogeneity and isotropy in,
185
Atkinson, Robert,
166
Atomic number,
163
Avery, Oswald,
117
–19
Avery, Roy,
118
Bakus, Carl,
283
n
Bamford, Clement,
112
Bardeen, John,
235
Barnes, Charles,
173
Baryonic matter,
163
Becker, Lydia Ernestine,
35
,
276
n
Beckett, Samuel,
157
Béguyer de Chancourtois, Alexandre-Emile de,
293
n
Beighton, Elwyn,
127
Bell, Florence,
120
,
122
,
128
,
132
Bell, Jocelyn,
182
Bell Telephone Laboratories,
210
Bergerac, Cyrano de,
64
Bergmann, Peter,
237
Berkeley, George,
16
Bierce, Ambrose,
136
Big bang theory,
157
–58,
187
,
210
–19,
261
,
262
see also
Expanding universe
Biodiversity,
see
Diversity, biological
Biology,
8
,
60
,
82
,
120
,
122
,
156
,
271
evolutionary,
see
Evolution
Biston betularia betularia morpha typica
,
32
Blending heredity,
38
–44,
43
,
45
,
47
,
49
–50,
52
,
56
Bluhm, Michael,
134
Bock, Fedor von,
7
Bohr, Niels,
281
n
Bondi, Hermann,
182
–83,
186
–87,
198
,
199
,
201
–3,
206
–7,
209
,
211
,
295
n
Bonnet, Charles,
8
Bragg, Lawrence,
110
–14,
124
,
125
,
141
,
144
,
152
,
154
Bragg, William Henry,
110
,
111
,
144
Branching,
see
Speciation
Branson, Herman,
109
,
112
,
285
n
,
286
n
Brehm, Jack,
97
Brenner, Sydney,
124
–25
British Association for the Advancement of Science,
80
,
81
,
85
,
93
,
164
,
280
–81
n
,
283
n
British Broadcasting Company (BBC),
157
British Institute of Physics,
83
Brownian motion,
264
Brunauer, Stephen,
235
Brünn Natural History Society,
53
Brussels Scientific Society, Annals of,
191
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de,
65
,
278
n
Bunsen, Robert,
293
n
Burbidge, Geoffrey,
178
–82,
179
,
181
–82,
207
,
212
,
214
,
294
n
Burbidge, Margaret,
170
,
178
–82,
179
,
207
,
214
,
294
n
Burton, Robert,
99
Butler, N.,
179
Byron, Lord,
275
n
Caesar, Julius,
16
Calder, L.,
300
n
California, University of, Berkeley,
119
,
155
California Institute of Technology (Caltech),
103
,
106
,
109
,
115
,
120
,
131
,
132
,
134
,
285
n
,
289
n
Cambridge University,
61
,
134
,
136
,
152
,
208
,
279
n
,
280
n
Darwin Correspondence Project,
52
Franklin at,
120
–21
Kelvin at,
67
–68
King’s College Biophysics Research Unit visit to,
124
Canyon Diablo meteorite,
283
n