Brilliant Blunders: From Darwin to Einstein - Colossal Mistakes by Great Scientists That Changed Our Understanding of Life and the Universe (55 page)

steady state cosmology of,
183
,
184
,
186
–87,
191
,
192
,
198
–213,
218
,
244
,
247
,
295
n

on stellar nucelosynthesis of,
101
,
169
–82

Hsien Wu,
285
n

Hubble, Edwin,
197
–99,
202
,
209
,
253

age of universe implied by observations by,
240
,
243

discovery of cosmic expansion by,
187
,
189
–93,
222
,
223
,
231
,
239
,
252
,
267

Hubble constant,
217
,
254
,
297
n

Hubble Space Telescope,
189
,
193
,
231

Hugo, Victor,
6

Human Genome Project,
153

Humason, Milton,
189
,
192

Hume, David,
16

Hutton, Frederick Wollaston,
31
,
275
n

Hutton, James,
21
,
66
,
76
,
279
n

Huxley, Thomas Henry,
49
,
57
,
81
–82,
84
,
116
,
281
n

Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth
(Playfair),
76
–77

Immutability, dogma of,
16

Indiana, University of,
120

Industrial revolution,
32

Infeld, Leopold,
266

Inflationary universe,
218

Inheritance,
see
Heredity

Intelligent design,
15
–16,
217
,
282
n

evolution versus,
18
,
26
,
30
,
80

Interbreeding,
22

Internal Security Act (1950),
128

International Biochemical Congress,
129

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium,
153
–54

Introduction to the Theory of Relativity
(Bergmann),
237

Islam, J. N.,
179

Isotopes,
94
,
164
,
166
,
168
,
171
,
283
n

in stars,
175
–76,
179

Isotropy,
204

homogeneity and,
184
–85,
218
,
262

James, William,
157

Jenkin, Fleeming,
38
–40,
43
,
44
,
47
–49,
52
,
56
,
58
,
59

Jesuits,
20

Jews,
182
,
251
,
259

see also
Judaism

Johns Hopkins University,
253

Joly, John,
92

Jones, Harold Spencer,
205
,
296
n

Jowett, Benjamin,
214
,
297
–98
n

Joyce, James,
271

Judaism,
61
–62

Hasidic,
96
–97

Judson, H. F.,
289
n

Julius Caesar
(Shakespeare),
179

Kahneman, Daniel,
6
,
140
,
270

Kant, Immanuel,
62
–63,
74

Kelvin, Lord,
10
,
21
,
67
–102,
212
–13,
269
–71,
282
–83
n

calculation of age of Earth by,
59
,
69
–79,
81
,
84
–87,
91
–102,
164
,
210
,
280
n

at Cambridge,
68

cognitive dissonance of,
96
–100

and Darwin’s theory of evolution,
79
–80,
202

ennoblement of,
68

on ether and gravitation,
246
,
247

eulogy of,
67
–69

impact on geology of,
80
–83

Perry’s challenge to assumptions of,
85
–92

and radioactivity,
92
–95

on thermodynamics,
60
,
279
n

Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale,
280
n

Kendrew, John,
110
–13,
134
,
137
,
141

Kepler, Johannes,
260
–61,
264
,
265

Kettlewell, Bernard,
276
n

King, Clarence,
90
,
100

King, Samuel,
34

King Lear
(Shakespeare),
179

King’s College, London,
120
–21,
125
,
130
,
140
,
141
,
144
–45,
148
,
151

Kirshner, Bob,
185

Kirwan, Richard,
66
,
279
n

Klein, Felix,
230

Kornberg, Arthur,
150

Kragh, H.,
296
n

Krone, Ray,
6

Laborde, Albert,
92
,
283
n

Lahav, O.,
300
n

Laloë, S.,
300
n

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste,
20
,
66

Laplace, Pierre-Simon,
74

Larmor, Joseph,
282
n

Laue, Max von,
110

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
253

Leahy, J. P.,
241

Leakey, Louis,
274
n

Leeds, University of,
127

Leeds Grammar School,
40

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm,
65

Lemaître, Georges,
193
–98,
201
,
224
,
297
n

cosmological constant advocated by,
243
,
267
,
300
n

Einstein and,
240
,
250

elected to Royal Astronomical Society,
198

expanding universe discovery of,
187
,
191
,
192
,
197
–98,
222
,
231

general relativity theory applied to universe by,
221
,
239

Le Mascrier, Jean Baptiste,
63

Leonardo da Vinci,
63

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim,
268

Levene, Phoebus,
117

Life, origin of,
18
,
21
,
155
,
261

Hoyle on,
214
–16,
298
n

see also
Evolution

Life
magazine,
104

Lightfoot, John,
61

Locke, John,
16
,
21

Lodge, Oliver,
282
n
,
283
n

London
Times
,
93
,
129

Lorentz, Hendrik,
266

Lyell, Charles,
21
,
66
–67,
70
,
71
,
274
n

Mach’s principle,
298
n

MacLeod, Colin,
117
–18

Macmillan’s Magazine,
81
–82

Macroevolution,
20

Magnetic resonance imaging, functional (fMRI),
98
,
99
,
290
n

Maillet, Benoît de,
see
de Maillet, Benoît

Maimonides, Moses,
62

Malmquist bias,
259

Malthus, Thomas,
29
,
275
n

Manchester, University of,
241

Markham, Roy,
136

Marx, Karl,
7

Mass extinctions,
20

Massey, Harrie,
204

Mathematics,
7
,
80
,
104
,
166
,
242
,
260
,
263
,
270

of age of Earth and Sun,
65
,
71
,
76
,
78
,
82
–83,
87
,
92

of blending versus Mendelian heredity,
40
–41,
47
,
57
,
58

at Cambridge,
68
,
279
n

of cosmological constant,
224
,
257
,
252
,
298
n
,
301
n

Darwin’s weakness at,
44
–45

in DNA research,
128
,
155
–56

of general relativity,
189
,
199
,
221
,
239
–40,
247
–48

of selection bias,
267

teaching methods in,
281
n

of X-ray crystallography,
118

Maxwell, James Clerk,
69
,
281
n

Mayr, Ernst,
36

McCarthyism,
128
–31,
142

McCarty, Maclyn,
117
–18

McCrea, William,
245
,
249

McGill University,
93
,
98

Meaning of Relativity, The
(Einstein),
237
–38

Mechanics

of chromosomal exchange of genetic material,
58

quantum,
see
Quantum mechanics

statistical,
169

Medical Research Council,
145

Mei long
,
275
n

Mendel, Gregor,
42
,
47
,
49
–58,
43
,
46
,
102
,
115

Mendeleyev, Dmitry,
160
,
293
n

Meredith, R. W.,
275
n

Meselson, Matthew,
143
,
150

Metaphysics,
262
,

Meyer, Julius Lothar,
293
n

Microevolution,
20

Microraptor gui
,
275
n

Milky Way galaxy,
167
,
184
,
201
,
204
,
222
,
226
,
260
,
261

Milne, Edward Arthur,
185
,
263

Milner, Peter,
98

Minnesota, University of,
97

Mirsky, Alfred,
104
–5,
285
n

Miserables, Les
(Hugo),
5

Mitchell, Joni,
178

Moe, Henry Allen,
134

Molecular biology,
33
,
114
–15

Molecular dynamics,
287
n

Molnar, Peter,
95

Moore, James,
82

Moreau de Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis de,
20

Morgan, Thomas Hunt,
58
,
102
,
116

Mount Palomar Observatory,
202

Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatory,
253

Mount Wilson Observatory,
169
,
193

M-theory,
261

Mullard electronics company,
208
,
209

Multiverse concept,
257
,
259
,
261
–63