Caesar's Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome (55 page)

Chevalier, R.
Roman Roads.
Trans. N. H. Field. London: Batsford, 1976.

Church, A. J.
Roman Life in the Days of Cicero.
London: Seeley, Service & Co., 1923.

Clausewitz, C. P. G. von.
On War.
Trans. J. J. Graham. NY: Penguin, 1968.

Colledge, M. A. R.
The Parthians
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.

Cottrell, L.
Enemy of Rome.
London: Pan, 1962.

Cottrell, L.
The Great Invasion.
London: Evans Bros., 1958.

Cowell, F. R.
Cicero and the Roman Republic.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1956.

Croft, P.
Roman Mythology.
London: Octopus, 1974.

Cunliffe, B.
Rome and Her Empire.
Maidenhead, U.K.: McGraw-Hill, 1978.

Cunliffe, B.
The Roman Baths at Bath.
Bath: Bath Archeological Trust, 1993.

De La Billiere, General Sir P.
Looking for Trouble.
London: HarperCollins, 1994.

Department of the Army.
U.S. Army Survival Manual; FM 21-76.
NY: Dorset Press, 1991.

Depuy, R. E. and T. N.
The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the
Present.
London: Military Book Society, 1970.

Divine, A.
Secrets and Stories of the War: Miracle at Dunkirk.
London: Reader’s Digest Association, 1963.

Duff, J. D.
Lucan.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977.

Emile, T.
Roman Life under the Caesars.
NY: Putnam, 1908.

Forestier, A.
The Roman Soldier.
London: A. & C. Black, 1928.

Frank, T., ed.
An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome.
New Jersey: Pageant, 1959.

Frere, S. S.
Britannia: A History of Roman Britain.
London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987.

Frontinus.
Stratagems & Aqueducts.
Trans. C. E. Bennet and M. B. McElwain.

London: Loeb, 1925.

bapp07.qxd 12/6/01 9:41 AM Page 300

300

a p p e n d i x g

Furneaux, R.
The Roman Siege of Jerusalem.
London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1973.

Gardner, J. F.
Family & Familia in Roman Law & Life.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Gibbon, E.
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1932.

Grant, M.
Cleopatra.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1972.

Grant, M.
Gladiators.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1967.

Grant, M.
History of Rome.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1978.

Grant, M.
Julius Caesar.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

Grant, M.
Saint Paul.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1976.

Grant, M.
The Army of the Caesars.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1974.

Grant, M.
The Jews of the Roman World.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973.

Grant, M.
The Roman Emperors.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1985.

Graves, R.
I, Claudius.
London: Arthur Barker, 1934.

Haywood, R. M.
Ancient Greece and the Near East.
London: Vision, 1964.

Haywood, R. M.
Ancient Rome.
London: Vision, 1967.

Highet, G.
Juvenal the Satirist.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1954.

Horrocks, Lieutenant General Sir B.
Secrets and Stories of the War.
London: Reader’s Digest Association, 1963.

Jones, A. H. M.
Augustus.
New York: W. W. Norton, 1972.

Kenyon, K.
Jerusalem: Excavating 3,000 Years of History.
London: Thames & Hudson, 1967.

Ker, W. C. A.
Martial.
London: Loeb, 1919–20.

Laking, G. F.
A Record of European Armour & Arms through Seven Centuries.
NY: A. M. S., 1934.

Leach, J.
Pompey the Great.
NY: Croom Helm, 1978.

Livy.
The War with Hannibal.
Trans. E. de Selincourt. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1965.

Lytton, (Lord) E. G. E. B.
The Last Days of Pompeii.
London: Alexander, 1834.

MacArthur, B., ed.
The Penguin Book of Twentieth Century Speeches.
London: Penguin, 1992.

MacMullen, R.
Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967.

Mannix, D. P.
Those About to Die.
London: Mayflower, 1960.

Marsden, E. W.
Greek and Roman Artillery.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.

Mommsen, T.
The Provinces of the Roman Empire,
ed. T. R. S. Broughton. Chicago: University of Chicago/Phoenix, 1968.

Morton, H. V.
In the Steps of the Master.
London: Rich & Cowan, 1934.

Napthali, L.
Life in Egypt under Roman Rule.
Oxford: Clarendon, 1983.

National Geographic Society.
Jerusalem.
Washington: National Geographic Society, 1996.

Parker, H. D. M.
The Roman Legions.
NY: Barnes & Noble, 1958.

bapp07.qxd 12/6/01 9:41 AM Page 301

Payne-Gallwey, Sir R.
The Crossbow, Mediaeval and Modern: With a Treatise on the
Ballista and Catapults of the Ancients.
London: The Holland Press, 1995; reprint, 1903.

Peterson, D.
The Roman Legions Recreated in Color.
London: Windrow & Greene, 1992.

Petronius Arbiter, G.
The Satyricon.
Trans. M. Heseltine. London: Loeb, 1913.

Pliny the Elder.
Natural History,
ed. and trans. H. Rackman. London: Loeb, 1938–1963.

Powell, C. L.
A Soldier’s Way.
London: Hutchinson, 1995.

Raven, S.
Rome in Africa.
London: Longman, 1969.

Robertson, D. S.
Greek and Roman Architecture.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1943.

Robinson, H. R.
The Armour of Imperial Rome.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.

Romer, J.
Testament: The Bible and History.
London: Michael O’Mara, 1988.

Rossi, L.
Trajan’s Column and the Dacian Wars.
London: Thames & Hudson, 1974.

Rostovtzeff, M. I.
The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire.
NY: Bib-lio & Tannen, 1957.

Ryan, C.
The Longest Day.
London: Victor Gollancz, 1959.

Salway, P.
Roman Britain.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

Schwarzkopf, General H. N.
It Doesn’t Take a Hero.
NY: Bantam, 1992.

Seager, R.
Tiberius.
London: Eyre Methuen, 1972.

Seneca.
Letters from a Stoic.
Trans. R. Campbell. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

Sherwin-White, A. N.
The Roman Citizenship.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939.

Simkins, M.
Warriors of Rome.
London: Blandford, 1988.

Smith, F. E.
Waterloo.
London: Pan, 1970.

Strabo.
The Geography of Strabo.
Trans. H. L. Jones. London: Loeb, 1924.

Sulimirski, T.
The Sarmatians.
NY: Praeger, 1970.

Syme, R.
History in Ovid.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Theiring, B.
Jesus the Man.
Sydney: Doubleday, 1992.

Times (London) Concise Atlas of World History.
London:
Times,
1982.

Todd, M.
The Early Germans.
Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.

Todd, M.
The Northern Barbarians, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 300.
NY: Blackwell, 1987.

Trench, C. C.
A History of Horsemanship.
NY: Doubleday, 1970.

U.K. War Office, General Staff.
Field Service Regulations.
London: H. M. Sta-tionery Office, 1914.

Utley, R. M.
The Lance and the Shield.
NY: Henry Holt, 1993.

Vernam, G. R.
Man on Horseback.
NY: Doubleday, 1964.

Waldeck, C.
Secrets and Stories of the War.
London: Reader’s Digest Association, 1963.

Ward, G. C., with Burns, R. and K.
The Civil War.
NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991.

bapp07.qxd 12/6/01 9:41 AM Page 302

302

a p p e n d i x g

Warmington, E. H.
Nero.
Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1969.

Warry, J.
Warfare in the Classical World.
London: Salamander, 1989.

Watson, G. R.
The Roman Soldier.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1969.

Webster, G., and Dudley, D. R.
The Roman Conquest of Britain.
London: Pan, 1965.

Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language.
Cleveland: World Publ., 1953.

Weigall, A.
Nero: Emperor of Rome.
London: Butterworth, 1930.

Wheeler, R. M.
Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers.
London: Bell, 1954.

White, K. D.
Greek & Roman Technology.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.

Wightman, E. M.
Roman Trier and the Treveri.
NY: Praeger, 1970.

Wilkinson, L. P.
Letters of Cicero.
London: Hutchinson, 1969.

Wilson, E.
The Scrolls from the Dead Sea.
London: W. H. Allen, 1956.

Wilson, I.
Jesus: The Evidence.
London: Pan, 1984.

Wiseman, F. J.
Roman Spain.
NY: Bell, 1956.

Yadin, Y.
Masada: Herod’s Fortress and the Zealot’s Last Stand.
NY: Grosset & Dun-lap, 1966.

bgloss.qxd 12/6/01 9:42 AM Page 303

:

ACTA DIURNA

Rome’s
Daily News;
world’s first daily newspaper. Handwritten daily by the Palatium at Rome and sent around the empire. Founded by Julius Caesar in 59 b.c.

AQUILIFER

The standard-bearer who carried the
aquila,
the legion’s eagle.

auxiliary Noncitizen serving in Roman army. Light infantry and cavalry.

Recruited throughout empire. In imperial times served 25 years. Paid less than legionary. From first century, granted Roman citizenship on discharge. Commanded by prefects.

BALLISTA

Artillery piece firing round stones weighing 60 to 100 pounds.

battleship Roman warship of Deceres class, 145 feet long with a beam of 28

feet, crewed by 572 oarsmen, 30 sailors, and up to 250 marines.

camp prefect
Praefectus castrorium.
Imperial legion officer, third-in-command after commanding officer and senior tribune. Promoted from centurion. Quartermaster, commander of major legion detachments.

campaigning season Traditionally, early March to October 19, when legions conducted military campaigns, after which they went into winter quarters.

centurion Legion and Praetorian Guard officer, sixty to a legion, in eleven grades, equivalent to lieutenant and captain. Usually an enlisted man promoted from ranks—there were some Equestrian centurions in late republican and early imperial times.

century Legion subunit. In republican times, of a hundred men. In imperial times, of eighty men in ten squads. Commanded by a centurion.

chief centurion
Primus pilus,
“first spear.” Legion’s most senior centurion.

civic crown Crown of oak leaves, Roman military bravery award for saving the life of a Roman citizen in battle. Highly prized.

cohort Battalion. Ten to a legion. In Caesar’s time, of 600 men. In imperial times, cohorts 10 through 2 had 480 men; the senior first cohort, 960. Second-enlistment veterans served in senior cohorts.

303

bgloss.qxd 12/6/01 9:42 AM Page 304

304

g l o s s a r y

colonel See tribune.

consul Highest official at Rome, president of Senate. Two held office annually. Also commanded Roman armies—equivalent rank of lieutenant general. Former consuls first to speak in Senate debates and were eligible for most important provincial governorships.

CONTUBERNIUM

Legion subunit, the squad. In imperial times, of eight men.

cruiser Midsize warship, including Trireme and Quinquereme classes. The latter were 120 feet long, had a beam of 17 feet, a crew of 270 oarsmen, 3 banks of oars, 30 sailors, and 160 marines.

CURSUS PUBLICUS

Imperial Rome’s courier service. Wheeled vehicles and mounted couriers sped documents across the empire. Horses changed at way stations checked by inspectors every six to ten miles. It was a capital offense to interfere with
Cursus Publicus
couriers or their loads.

decimation Literally, to reduce by one-tenth. Legions punished for mutiny or cowardice by one man in ten being clubbed to death by their comrades after drawing lots. The 9th Legion, later the 9th Hispana, is the only legion on record to be decimated twice.

decuman gate The main gate of a legion camp, it faced away from the enemy.

decurion Legion cavalry officer, a junior lieutenant. Four to each legion cavalry unit. Also, an elected civil official of a Roman town.

DUPLICARIUS

A legionary whose pay was doubled as a reward for service.

eagle The
aquila,
sacred standard of a legion; originally silver, later gold.

equestrian Member of Roman order of knighthood. Qualified for posts as prefect, and for Senate membership. Had to have a net worth of 400,000 sesterces. Imperial Equestrians undertook mandatory six-month military cadetships as junior tribunes at ages eighteen to nineteen.

evocati In the imperial era, militia of retired legion veterans, serving behind their old standards in emergencies, most likely for a total of four years service, as in republican times.

fasces Symbol of Roman magistrate’s power to punish and execute, an ax head protruding from a bundle of wooden rods. Carried by lictors. Denoted rank—legates had five fasces; praetors, six; consuls and most emperors, twelve; dictator and some emperors, twenty-four.

first-rank centurions
Primi ordines,
legion’s six most senior centurions.

freedman Former slave, officially granted freedom.

frigate
Liburna,
light, fast class of warship. Length, 108 feet; beam, 12 feet.