Caesar's Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome (57 page)

Casca, Publius Servilius, 177–78

in Spain, 1–5, 76–85, 164, 165–75

Cassius, Gaius, 85, 176, 180–87

World War II parallels, 93–94, 151

Cassius Longinus, Quintus, 84, 85

civil war (a.d. 68–69), 230–34, 258, 281

Cassivellaunus, 45–48

new legions raised, 258, 267

Cato, Marcus (son of Cato the Younger),

10th Legion veterans in, 216

188

Claudius, Emperor, 116, 196–97, 204,

Cato the Younger, 29, 66, 128, 131

221, 269, 270–71, 278, 279

North African forces, 160

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 119, 140, 261,

Pompey and, 74, 98, 109, 133, 292

282

Pompey’s defeat and, 140

Antony liason, 188–89, 190–94

suicide of, 164

Caesar liason, 144–45, 182

Catuvellauni tribe, 45–48

Clusinas, Gaius, 76, 157

Celer (tribune), 278, 279

Commentary. See
Caesar’s memoirs

Celer, Domitius (general), 203

Commius, king of the Atrebates, 31,

centurion

34–35, 40, 58, 60–61, 62

in Augustan legions, 196–97

Considius, Publius, 14, 15

Caesar’s personal call to, 27

Constantine the Great, Emperor,

chief centurion, 60

267–68

dress uniform of, 213

consul, 12, 17, 197, 288, 289

first Christian conversion, 298

Coponius, Gaius, 100

grades and duties of, 8, 212

Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, 205–10, 215,

as key to battle success, 122

219–20, 224–26, 234, 268, 278, 279

legion structure and, 212–13

Corfinium, siege of, 71–72, 90, 97, 149

modern equivalent, 287

Cornelia (wife of Pompey), 36, 111, 139,

retirement plans, 63–64, 76

140, 141, 142

10th Legion veterans, 198

Cornificius, Quintus, 136, 137

Cerialis, Sextus Petilius, 232, 252

Corona Vallaris, 249

chariots, British, 32, 37, 46, 47

Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 15, 17, 35, 61,

Christianity, 267, 275, 278, 298

65, 111, 175, 186, 208, 282

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 74, 91, 118, 181,

Crassus, Publius (son), 17, 23, 28, 35–36,

282

65, 111

Cicero, Quintus (brother), 51, 52, 53

Crassus, Publius Canidius, 191, 192

Cilician legions, 282

Crastinus, Gaius, 16–21, 169, 268

Cimber, Tillius, 177

death of, 126, 133

Civic Crown, 21, 255

loyalty to Caesar, 113, 114, 121

civil tribune, 66, 70

at Pharsalus, 121, 122, 123–26, 133

military tribune vs., 197

posthumous award, 249

civil war (49–45 b.c.), 1–5, 64, 65–174,

promotions, 59–60

198, 282

recall to 10th Legion, 86, 113–14

assassination of Pompey, 142–43

retirement, 63–64, 76, 156

defections to Pompey, 3, 4, 72–73, 78,

Cremona, Battle of, 216, 247, 248

87–88, 105–6, 112, 166, 169

crucifixion, 242, 267, 275

in Egypt, 144–45

Curio, Gaius Scribonius, 66, 69–72, 87,

end of, 174

90, 149, 160

in Greece and Albania, 73–75, 78,

Cursus Publicus (news courier), 218

85–112, 118, 198, 274, 282

initiation of, 65–70

Dacian Wars, 264, 270, 271, 272

legions raised, 72, 76, 87, 282

Dead Sea, 219, 229, 257, 259, 260, 261

in North Africa, 146, 149–64, 286

Dead Sea Scrolls, 229–30

peace moves, 97, 99

Deiotarus, king of Galatia, 119, 144–45

Pompey’s attrition strategy, 111

Didius, Gaius, 173

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Dio, Cassius, 296

Caesar’s control of, 144–45, 146, 165,

legions listing, 269–72, 285

166, 182

disease epidemics, 74, 91, 93, 115, 190

Germanicus’s visit to, 202, 277

Dolabella, Publius, 186

grain supply from, 233, 277

Domitian, Emperor, 211, 256, 267, 270,

legion base in, 217, 233, 267

271, 284

Octavian’s march on, 193–94

Domitius Ahenobarbus, Lucius, 71–72,

Pompey’s flight to, 132, 140–43

86, 117, 127, 133

Pompey troops from, 119

Domitius Calvinus, Gnaeus, 101, 110

uniqueness of legion command, 199,

Durrës (Durazzo), 74, 96–109, 115, 118,

277–79

160, 198

Eleazar ben Jair, 256, 259, 261, 263

Pompey’s success at, 103–9, 111, 192

elephants, 157, 158, 160, 163, 169, 226

Durus, Quintus, 46

Emmaus, 229, 232, 233, 235, 255–56, 266

Dyrrhachium, Battle of.
See
Durrës

Equestrian Order, 7–8, 122, 196, 277–78

Essenes, 229–30

8th Legion (later 8th Augusta), 7, 9, 11,

Evocati militia, 216, 233

42, 44, 137, 165, 169, 195, 228, 268,

282

1st Adiutrix Legion, 271, 283

in Caesar’s invasion of Italy, 68, 69, 71,

1st Italica Legion, 195, 198, 271, 283

74

1st Legion

Caesar’s mutiny-quelling speech to,

abolition of, 258

146–48

in civil war, 69, 73, 74, 107, 112,

in civil war in Albania/Greece, 100,

117–22, 126–27, 129, 160–61, 164

104–8, 113, 115, 118, 127–29

escapees from Pharsalus, 133

in civil war in North Africa, 150, 152,

escapees from Thapsus, 164, 165

158, 159, 163

final battle in Spain, 165, 170, 172

combined with 9th, 108, 115, 118, 127

founding of, 269, 282

desertions from Pompey to Caesar, 167

as Pompeian elite, 3, 65

desertion to Pompey, 3–4, 166, 168–69

1st Legion of the Fleet, 271, 283

founding in Spain, 61, 269, 273

4th Flavia Legion, 268, 271

in Gaul, 14, 15–16, 25, 27–28, 56, 62

4th Legion (later 4th Macedonica), 61,

looting of Roman homes by, 145

79, 81, 198, 209, 216, 268, 282

mutiny after Pharsalus, 130–35

Antony command, 179, 180, 184, 189

10th Legion centurions from, 8

defectors, 103, 115, 118, 160, 180

11th Legion (later 11th Claudia Pia

discharge/remobilization of, 83–86

Fidelis), 68, 77, 87, 134, 137, 268,

escapees from Pharsalus, 133

269

at Pharsalus, 118, 127, 128

Caesar’s lack of trust in, 42

at Philippi, 184–85, 187

in civil war, 1, 87, 90, 91, 101, 112, 115

with Scipio in North Africa, 160, 161

in Gaul, 14, 15–16, 19, 25, 27–28, 61,

Scythica title, 265, 269

62, 282

5th Legion (later 5th Macedonica), 61,

18th Legion, 72, 74, 90, 233, 234, 250,

79, 81, 165, 195, 233, 269, 282, 286

252, 258

in Armenia under Corbulo, 210

eagle standard, 34

under Augustus, 195

Egnatian Way, 96–97, 183

in civil war in North Africa, 149–52,

Egus, 105–6, 112, 114

155–58, 160, 163, 169, 225–26

Egypt

in civil war in Spain, 2, 166–67, 169

Antony and Cleopatra in, 188–94

discharge in Spain, 2, 83, 84, 149

barred to Roman senators, 202, 223,

elephant symbol, 169, 226

277

fame after Thapsus, 169, 225–26

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Jewish revolts and, 223–30, 234, 235,

Galilee, 219, 224, 227

239, 240, 243, 250, 252, 255

Gallus, Cestius, 220–21, 234

in Macedonia under Antony, 179, 184

Gaul, 13–29, 50–64, 70, 77, 282

in Moesia, 221, 232, 235, 255, 269

British invasions from, 30, 31, 41–42,

prisoners in Scipio’s forces, 161

49

14th Legion (later 14th Gemina Martia

Caesar’s command in, 13–29, 61–66,

Victrix), 282

198, 262

in Caesar’s invasion of Italy, 68

full conquest of, 24–29, 63, 66

in civil war, 77, 80, 84, 86, 87, 89,

Vercingetorix revolt, 53–62, 79, 109

149, 155, 159

Vindex revolt, 228, 230

founding of, 24, 270

Gemina Legions, 118, 128, 180, 282, 270,

in Gaul, 24, 27, 42, 61, 62

271–72.
See also
14th Legion; 7th

losses in Gaul, 50–51, 52, 53

Gemina Legion; 13th Legion

prisoners in Scipio’s forces, 161

Gergovia, siege of, 53–57, 60, 109

replacements, 52, 273

Germanicus Caesar, 199–204, 208, 274,

15th Legion, 230, 233, 277

277

in Armenian campaign, 210, 225

German mercenaries, 57, 65, 68, 78, 103,

founding of, 52, 270, 282

110, 113, 135, 151, 166

in Gaul, 52, 54, 55, 270, 282

Germany, 20–23, 28–29, 42, 50, 52, 63,

Jewish Revolt and, 221, 223, 225, 228,

199, 200, 270, 274

232, 234–35, 239, 240, 243–44, 246,

golden crown awards, 21, 248–49, 255

255–57

Golgotha, 267

land grants in Emmaus, 255–56, 266

grain

at Pharsalus, 117–18, 119, 127–28

in Armenia, 208–9, 210

turned over to Pompey, 65–66, 69,

in Britain, 36, 37, 42

73, 74, 107, 112, 117

Egypt as source, 233, 277

Fabius, Gaius, 68, 75, 76–79, 156–57

in Greece, 109, 110–11, 138

Fabius Maximus, Quintus, 165, 166

legion dependence on, 208–9

Farsala.
See
Pharsalus, Battle of

North African invasion and, 152

Favonius, Marcus, 128–29, 133, 140,

in Spain, 82

187

Greece

Filippoi.
See
Philippi, Battles of

Caesar’s amphibious invasions of,

First Triumvirate, 61

89–101

Flaccus, Cornelius, 207

Octavian in, 193

Flaccus, Gaius Norbanus, 183

as Pompey’s base, 73–75, 78, 85–88

Fonteius, Aulus, 145, 156

See also
Albania; Macedonia; Pharsalus, France.
See
Gaul

Battle of

Fronto, Heternius, 234, 252

guerrilla warfare, 61, 245, 265, 266

Fufius Calenus, Quintus, 94, 96, 98, 100,

104–5, 115, 136

Hadrian, Emperor, 143, 265, 266

Fulminata.
See
12th Fulminata Legion Hebron, 231, 259

helmets, 16, 214–15

Gabinius, Aulus, 70

Helvetii, 13–20, 23, 59

Gaius Caesar.
See
Caligua

Heraclius, Emperor, 268

Galatian legion, 283

Hermann (Arminius), 199, 200, 270

Galba, Emperor, 219, 228, 230

Herod Agrippa II, 227, 231

death of, 231, 232

Herod Antipas, 259

legions, 231, 258, 267, 271–72, 283

Herod’s Palace, 240, 243, 254–55, 256

Galba, Servius, 17, 145, 176

Herod the Great, 194, 198, 201, 227, 261,

Galba, Sulpicius, 180–81

265

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Hirtius, Aulus, 42, 67, 152, 154, 169, 180,

15th Legion land grants in, 255–56,

181, 292, 293

266

Horace, 168

First Jewish Revolt, 217–66, 279

horoscopes, 7

Second Jewish Revolt, 265–66

Horrocks, Sir Brian, 212

separate legion bases in, 267

Hortensius, Quintus, 67, 70

10th Legion in, 198–99, 217–66,

285–86

Ides of March, 177, 282

12th Legion in, 199, 274, 275, 279

Illyricum, 13, 77–78, 87–92, 137, 234

uniqueness of legion command in, 199,

Indigena Legion, 3, 79, 85, 165, 166, 170

278–79

renamed 21st Rapax, 195

Vespasian (Titus) command, 233–34

Insteius, Marcus, 191

Jude ben Ari, 260, 261

Islam, 268

Julia (wife of Pompey), 36

Israel, state of, 227, 263

Julia Augusta (Livia), 198, 203

Julianus, Antonius, 250, 252

javelins, 5, 18–19, 26, 51

Jupiter (deity), 265, 266, 267

Jefat ( Jotapata), siege of, 225–26, 239,

Juvenal, 208–9

268

Jerusalem, 198–99, 219, 220–57, 268

Labeo, Antistius, 188

complete destruction of, 256–57

Labienus, Titus

full-scale assault on, 238–57

background of, 73

Jewish escapees, 260

in Caesar’s campaigns, 13–17, 24–27,

renaming/rebuilding of, 266, 267

42, 45, 48, 54–59, 63, 68

riots of 4 b.c., 198, 265

Caesar’s disparagement of, 112

three walls of, 235–41, 245–47

death at Munda, 172–73

Jesus Christ, crucifixion of, 267, 275

defection to Pompey, 72–73, 74, 78, 98,

Jewish diaspora, 266

104, 112, 157

Jewish Revolt (a.d. 66–70), 216, 217–64,

escape to North Africa, 133

268, 274, 279

escape to Spain, 164, 167, 170–73

Josephus account, 297

North African campaign against Caesar,

tactics, 235, 236, 241, 245, 251–52

152–53, 155, 158, 160, 162

See also
Jerusalem; Masada

at Pharsalus, 119, 123–24, 129

Jewish Revolt (a.d. 132–133), 265–66

Laelius, Decimus, 137

John ben Simon, 229

Lebanon, 198, 227, 274, 278

John of Gischala, 227, 246–47, 250, 251,

legate, 197, 288

254, 255, 256

legions/legionaries, 269–72

John the Baptist, 259

age calculation, 275

John the Idumaean, 239–40

allegiance oath, 212, 215

Jordan River, 227, 228–29, 259

artillery, 238–39

Josephus, 297

Augustan reforms, 195–97

on fame of Spanish legions, 206,

average height, 8

225–26

“buddy system,” 213