Catherine the Great (70 page)

Provincial Reform 239–40, 250, 254, 271

relationship with Zavadovsky 28, 241, 242–3

relationship with Zorich 243, 252

buys off Sophia Dorothea’s fiancé 245

love for grandson Alexander 247, 249, 268, 323

and education issue 248, 252, 295, 296

visits Mogilëv 250–53

secret correspondence with Joseph 253, 254, 276

busts of 261, 305

deaths of General Bauer and Lanskoy 265–9

relationship with Yermolov 270–71

passion for garden design 94, 275–6

visits Kiev 281–6

journeys South 286–8

her last and youngest favourite, Zubov 291, 294

coronation anniversaries 302, 315, 320

and Potëmkin’s death 303–4

and the second partition of Poland 309

opposes independent publishing 310

daily routine 132–3, 310–11

gifts given by 311–12

will 313–14

death (6 November 1796) 1, 315, 316

succession 316–17

lies in state 317–19

burial 318–20

publications on her 321–29

and exhibition of imperial portraits (1905) 331

self-assessment 333

contemporary criticism of 333–4

achievements 334–5

personality

bookishness 63, 67

competitiveness 204, 265

courage 18

eagerness to learn 63

fashions her own persona 27

impetuous nature 118

intelligence 63

joie de vivre
271

obsessed by the value of time 11

obsessed with her posthumous reputation 174, 181, 205, 209, 212, 333

optimism 127

scepticism 4

secretiveness 27–8

values precision 5, 133, 273

values trustfulness 134, 231

work ethic 28, 134, 184–5

works

The Antidote
12, 201

‘Authentic relation of a journey overseas that Sir Léon the Grand Equerry would have undertaken in the opinion of some of his friends’ 287

The Beginning of Oleg’s Reign
(libretto) 280, 295

The Deceiver
276

Fedul and his children
297

Great Instruction (
Bolshoy Nakaz
) 67, 101, 156–7, 171–5, 182, 199, 277, 324, 325

Linguarum totius orbis, vocabularia comparativa
268, 275

memoirs 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 46, 63, 68, 74, 82, 85–8, 92, 104, 106, 143–5, 200, 306, 314, 328, 329

The Misunderstanding
279–80

O, these times!
200, 215, 217–18

Russian primer to teach young people to read
248, 249, 255

Ryurik
280

The Shaman of Siberia
277

Tale of Tsarevich Khlor
249

Catherine Palace, Tsarskoye Selo 214

censorship 310, 328, 331

census (1745) 58

Chamfort, Nicolas:
The Merchant of Smyrna
300

Chancellery of Guardianship of Foreigners 145

Chappe d’Auteroche, abbé 110, 111, 166, 204

A Journey into Siberia
201

Charles XII, King of Sweden 35, 93

Charnutsky, Bishop Feofan 166

Charter to the Nobility (1785) 119, 271, 320

Charter to the Towns (1785) 271, 273

Cheboksary 167

Chemical Psalter
(Masonic text) 277

Cheremis 168

Cherkasov, Alexander 141, 189, 230

Cherkasov, Ivan 141

Chernigov 282

Chernyshëv, Andrey 66

Chernyshëv, Ivan 140, 141, 158, 160, 187, 196, 210, 268

Chernyshëv, Count Zakhar 66, 140, 141, 149, 185, 197, 233, 240

a gentleman of the bedchamber 65

relationship with C 86, 269

at the College of War 133

mishandling of the Cossacks 233

governs lands acquired in first partition of Poland 250

lavish entertainment of guests 251, 252

death 269

Chernyshëv family 137, 161, 239

Chesme naval battle of (1770) 202–3, 206, 209, 211, 262, 334

Chesme Palace, St Petersburg 326

Chétardie, Marquis de la 50, 68

Chevakinsky, Savva 79, 95, 100

Chevaliers Gardes 9, 59, 116, 132, 137, 230, 318

Chichagov, Admiral 293

Chika, Zarubin 228

Chinese Village, Tsarskoye Selo 210, 312

Chinoiserie
210

Choglokov, Nikolay 66, 67, 87, 89

Choglokova, Maria 67, 70, 73

appointed C’s leading lady-in-waiting 65, 66

initially disliked by C 66

and C’s relationship with Sergey Saltykov 87

becomes a friend to C 89

Choglokova, Vera 136

Choiseul, duc de 194

Chrysostom, St John 17

Chrysostom monastery, Moscow 176

Chuguyev 80

Chulkov, Vasily 74

Church of St Sampson the Hospitable, St Petersburg 234

Church of the Annunciation, Alexander Nevsky monastery 319

Church of the Dormition, St Petersburg 127

Church of the Sign, Tsarskoye Selo 105

Chuvash 168

Cicero 65, 299

Clérisseau, Charles-Louis 258, 261

Cobenzl, Count 253, 264–5, 269, 270, 272, 279, 284

College of Commerce, St Petersburg 134, 140

College of Foreign Affairs, Moscow 9, 56, 278

College of Guardianship 154

College of Manufactures, St Petersburg 134, 162

College of War 133, 233

Collot, Marie-Anne 181

comet (1744) 38–9

Commission on Church Lands 131

Commission of National Schools 248

Companion of Lovers of Russian Literature, The
(journal) 264

Complete Collected Laws of the Russian Empire
101

Condoidi, Dr 113

Confederation of Targowica 309

conscience court 240, 254–5

Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke 273, 284, 299, 320–21

birth (1779) 247, 250

personality 249

wedding to Princess Juliana Henrietta 313

Constantingorod 249

Constantinople 196, 213, 298

falls to the Turks (1453) 17

Russian ambassador imprisoned in (1768) 183, 204

Constantine destined for 249

Russian ambassador imprisoned again (1787) 288

Construction Chancellery 158, 159, 179

Cook, John 43

Copenhagen 219

Corberon, chevalier de 242, 243–4, 245, 246, 260, 265

Coriolanus 306

Coronation Commission 7

Correggio, Antonio 142

Correspondance littéraire
193, 222

Corsica 196

Cossacks 158, 174, 183, 222, 228, 229, 233, 236

Court Office 75, 274

Coxe, Archdeacon William 6, 273, 281

crime and punishment 173, 175–6, 200, 236, 251

Crimea 208, 209, 263, 287, 288, 289, 317

Crozat, Pierre 193

Cruys, Cornelius 191, 192

currency 195

D

d’Alembert, Jean 153, 206, 222

Damas, Comte de 296

Danilevsky, G.P.

Catherine the Great on the Dnieper
329

Mirovich
330

Potëmkin on the Danube
330

Princess Tarakanova
330

Danube River 207, 293, 296, 302, 306

Dashkov, Prince 111, 120, 185

Dashkova, Princess 16, 95, 110–11, 113, 120, 122, 124, 126, 156, 185, 226, 264, 265, 267, 295, 321, 325

Dashwood, Sir Francis 84

Dauphin of France 57

Davydov, Denis 322

death penalty 173

Demidov brothers 76

Demosthenes 299

Denis (a foundling adopted by C) 334

Denmark

Swedish pressure on 24

Peter III prepares to attack the Danes 120, 121

Panin negotiates an alliance with 139

defensive alliance with Russia (1765) 188

Dent, William 298

Department of Public Welfare, Yekaterinoslav 304

Derzhavin, Gavriil Romanovich 299, 300, 307, 316, 324, 326, 327

‘Picnics’ 139–40

D’Holbach, Baron
Good Sense
222

System of Nature
222

Diderot, Denis 41, 153, 172, 181, 193, 194, 201, 222, 224–7, 229, 261, 277, 310, 333

Dimitry, Tsarevich 161

Dimsdale, Elizabeth 250, 258, 259

Dimsdale, Dr Thomas 85, 188–92, 247, 248, 307

Dingley, Robert 148

Dmitrevsk 169

Dmitriev, Ivan 327, 328

Dmitrovo kitchen gardens 80

Dmitryev-Mamonov, Alexander (‘Redcoat’) 280, 281, 290–91

L’Insouciant
280

Dnieper River 281, 283, 284, 289, 309

Dolgorukov, Prince 327

Dolgoruky, Prince 161, 231

Dolgoruky family 214

Domashnëv, Sergey 264

Dominicans 251

Don Cossacks 9, 228

Dornburg on the Elbe 34

Dorofey, Archimandrite 282

Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia) 40

Dresden, Court of 30, 31, 93, 261

Drone, The
(journal) 199, 200, 210

Dubyansky, Archpriest Fëdor 4

Duke August Library, Wolfenbüttel 29

duma
(town council) 271, 286

Dumaresq, Daniel 129

Dyaghilev, Sergey 331

E

Eastern Empire 249

Eberts, Jean-Henri 194 École des Arts, Paris 136

Edinburgh, University of 264

education 248–9, 252, 295, 296

advisory committee on 248

Eisen, Pastor Johann Georg 123, 129, 145, 155, 172

Elisabeth Christine, Queen of Prussia 30, 37

Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 18, 45, 200, 255, 296, 332

coup (1741) 35, 44, 48

coronation 14, 47, 54

invites C to Russia 35–6

her favourite, Razumovsky 45, 48

meets C 47–8

personality 5, 47, 55, 67, 70

appearance 47, 48, 86

birthday 55, 77, 89, 114, 176

C’s wedding 56, 58–62

irritated at C’s failure to produce a male heir 65–6

taboo subjects 68

prizes her privacy 68–9

daily life 70

spending of 73–8

accession day 77, 114

coronation day 10–11, 77, 89, 112

name day 77

a golden age of Baroque church-building 79

and Paul’s early years 92

aversion to business 99

health 99–100, 105–9, 111, 113, 114

death 114

funeral 115–18

parallels shown between her and C 13

Encyclopédie
136, 153, 160, 199, 222, 261, 286

Engelhardt, Lev Nikolayevich 282

Enlightenment 67, 68, 165

C as a celebrated patron 28

an important influence on C’s legislation 153

and C’s Instruction 172, 173, 199–200

and Grimm 224, 225

C aims to nurture rational children of the Enlightenment 248

C’s Enlightened policies and the nobility 271

suspicion of C’s fascination with the French Enlightenment 325–6

fundamental belief in self-development 335

equity courts 255

Erasmus, Desiderius 71

Esterhazy, Count 98

Esterhazy, Count Valentin 302, 303

Estland 9, 40

Euler, Leonhard 264

Eutin 35, 36, 64

F

Falconet, Etienne-Maurice 160, 176, 181, 190, 194, 204, 209, 218, 225, 257

Farnese, Elizabeth 37

Fauchier-Magnan, Adrien 30, 31

Fëdorov monastery, Gorodets 165

Felbiger, Abbot Johann Ignaz von 248, 252

Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe:
Adventures of Télémaque
141

Feofan, Bishop
see
Charnutsky Feofil, Bishop 282

Ferdinand, Prince 30

Fermor, Count Villem 158–9, 160

Ferney 206, 261

Fielding, Henry:
Joseph Andrews
199

Filaret, Patriarch 164

Finland 300

Russian 9

Finno-Ugric people 167

Fioravanti, Aristotele 5, 15

Fitzherbert, Alleyne 272, 282, 283

Florence 254

Fokshany peace negotiations, 210, 215, 217

Fonvizin, Denis 324

Fox, Charles James 298–9

France

stranglehold on European diplomacy 24–5

and War of American Independence (1775–83) 263

commercial treaty with Russia (1787) 298

Russia joins the anti-French coalition (1798) 301–2

pornographic journalism 307

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 18

Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg 25

Frederick II, King of Prussia (Frederick the Great) 24, 36, 68, 105, 153, 157, 184, 188, 320

marriage to Elisabeth Christine 30

promotes C’s father 35

dislike of the Court 37

Enlightened administration 38

Bestuzhev affair 50

pleased at C’s engagement 53

and Peter III’s plans to attack the Danes 120

preoccupied by internal reconstruction 186

and Poniatowski’s election as king of Poland 186, 187

financial embarrassments of the Seven Years’ War 194