Catherine the Great (65 page)

• 126.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 23, C. to Bielke, 13 July 1770.
  
• 127.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 99–100, C. to Panin, 24–25 May, 1771. See also
  SIRIO
  , cxliii: 291–2, Sabatier to Vrillière, 7 June NS.
  
• 128. Best. D17322, 22 July/3 Aug. 1771;
  PSZ
  , xix: 13,651, 26 July.
  
• 129.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 69, 31 May 1768.
  
• 130. A. I. Mikhailov,
  Bazhenov
  (M, 1951), 50–7, 60.
  
• 131. Ibid., 61; Iu. Ia. Gerchuk, ed.,
  Vasilii Ivanovich Bazhenov
  (M, 2001), 73–5, ‘Kratkoe rassuzhdenie o kremlevskom stroenii’.
  
• 132. Gerchuk,
  Bazhenov
  , 80, Teplov to Bazhenov, 15 Feb. 1770.
  
• 133.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 91, 23 Nov. 1770;
  Zhurnal bytnosti
  , 98, 100.
  PSZ
  , xix: 13,581, 15 Mar. 1771, decreed that though the city wall was to be demolished along the Moscow River from the Annunciation Cathedral to the Church of Peter the Metropolitan, neither was to be damaged.
  
• 134. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights’, in
  Eighteenth-Century Russia
  , eds. Bartlett and Lehmann-Carli, 325–6.
  
• 135. F. Rozhdestvenskii,
  Samuil Mislavskii, Mitropolit Kievskii
  (Kiev, 1877), 50–1. C.’s letters to Samuil are at appendix iii–vii. cf. G. I. Vzdornov,
  Istoriia otktrytiia izucheniia russkoi srednevekovoi zhivopisi XIX veka
  (M, 1986), 16–17.
  
• 136. V. I. Bazhenov, ‘Slovo na zalozhenie kremlevskogo dvortsa’, in S. Razgonov,
  V. I. Bazhenov
  (M, 1985), 164–5.
  
• 137. Volkonskii, 93, 10 Jan. 1772.
  
• 138. Letters to Volkonskii quoted
  in extenso
  by V. P. Iailenko,
  Ocherki po istorii i arkhitekture Lefortovo XVII–XVIII vekov
  (M, 2004), 159–62.
  
• 139. Wraxall,
  A Tour
  , 231.
  

Chapter 9

• 1. R. E. Jones, ‘Opposition to War and Expansion in Late Eighteenth-Century Russia’,
  Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
  , 32 (1984), 38–44.
  
• 2.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug.
  
• 3.
  KfZh
  (1772), 302, 306–9.
  
• 4.
  SIRIO
  , lxxii: 227, Solms to Frederick, 3 Aug. 1772.
  
• 5.
  KfZh
  (1772), 323–31 (330).
  
• 6.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 314, Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Sept. 1772.
  
• 7.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 270–2, draft letter in C.’s hand; L. Hughes,
  The Romanovs
  (London, 2008), 108.
  
• 8.
  PCFG
  , xxxii: 527, Frederick to Solms, 1 Oct. 1772 NS.
  
• 9.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 327–8, Gunning to Suffolk, 27 Sept. 1772.
  
• 10. Best. D17929, C. to Voltaire, 12 Sept. 1772. Panin presented Gustav’s emissary to C. at Tsarskoe Selo on 17 Aug.,
  KfZh
  (1772), 338.
  
• 11. Madariaga, 227.
  
• 12.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 297, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772; xiii: 259, C. to Mme Bielke, 25 June 1772; 261, 9 Aug. The Court moved to Tsarskoe Selo on Monday 13 Aug:
  KfZh
  (1772), 330.
  
• 13. Best. D17877, C. to Voltaire, 11 Aug. 1772; D17983, 17 Oct. See also D18090, 5 Dec.
  
• 14. Falconet, 185, C. to Falconet, 9 Oct. 1772.
  
• 15. Best. D18062, C. to Voltaire, 22 Nov. 1772;
  SIRIO
  , lxii: 305, Solms to Frederick, II, 25 Dec. 1772; 311, 8 Jan. 1773; Ransel,
  Politics
  , 235–6.
  
• 16. Lopatin, 9, 21 Feb. 1774.
  
• 17.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 298, Gunning to Suffolk, 28 July 1772.
  
• 18. McGrew, 70–1;
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 265–6, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 Aug. 1772.
  
• 19.
  KfZh
  (1772), 404–7. McGrew, 78, 82, may underestimate the level of public celebration.
  
• 20.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 14, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Dec. 1769.
  
• 21. Ransel,
  Politics
  , 242–6, offers the most confident account of the episode; McGrew, 81–2, is more cautious.
  
• 22.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: 91–2, C. to Assebourg, 14 May 1771.
  
• 23. Ibid., 85, Panin to Assebourg, 10 May 1771;
  PCFG
  , xxxiii: 142, Frederick to Henry, 19 Dec. 1772 NS.
  
• 24. The gallery was done out in 1755–6: see V. Lemus and L. Lapina,
  The Catherine Palace-Museum in Pushkin: Picture Hall
  (Leningrad, 1990).
  
• 25.
  KfZh
  (1773), 271–81.
  
• 26.
  KfZh
  (1773), 281–93. The wining and dining continued throughout the summer.
  
• 27. McGrew, 83–4; Papmehl,
  Metropolitan Platon
  , 28–9.
  
• 28. Best. D18605, Voltaire to C., 1 Nov. 1773.
  
• 29. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 234–5.
  
• 30.
  Opisanie torzhestva vysokobrakosochetaniia Ego Imperatorskago Vysochestva Velikago Kniazia Pavla Petrovicha s Ee Imperatorskim Vysochestvom Velikoiu Kniagieneiu Natalieiu Alekseevnoiu
  (SPb, 1773). See also D. Kobeko,
  Tsesarevich Pavel Petrovich (1754–1796): Istoricheskoe issledovanie
  (SPb, 2001 edn.), 75–7.
  
• 31. Quoted in Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 631.
  
• 32. Quoted in N. Cronk, ‘Hobbes and Hume: determining voices in
  Jacques le fataliste et son maître
  ’, in
  Diderot and European Culture
  , eds. F. Ogée and A. Strugnell (
  SVEC
  , 2006:09), 179.
  
• 33. E. Anderson, ed.,
  The Letters of Mozart and His Family
  , Third edn. (London, 1989), 43, L. Mozart to L. Hagenauer, 1 Apr. 1764 NS.
  
• 34. Grimm told his own story in
  SIRIO
  , ii: 325–93, ‘Mémoire historique sur l’origine et les suites de mon attachement pour l’Imperatrice Catherine II, jusqu’au décès de S.M.I.’.
  
• 35. S. Karp, ‘Grimm à Pétersbourg’, in
  Deutsch-Russische Beziehungen im 18. Jahrhundert: Kultur, Wissenschaft und Diplomatie
  , eds. C. Grau, S. Karp, J. Voss (Wiesbaden, 1997), 294.
  
• 36. Grimm, 1–2, 25 Apr. 1774.
  
• 37. D. Goodman,
  The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment
  (Ithaca, NY, 1994), ch. 4; A. Chamayou,
  L’Esprit de la lettre (XVIIIe siècle)
  (Paris, 1999).
  
• 38. Grimm, 97, 17 Aug. 1778; 188, 20 Sept. 1780.
  
• 39. Grimm, 421–2, 25 Nov. 1787; ibid. 436, 28 Dec. On the subsequent fate of the letters, see S. Ia. Karp, ‘Perepiska Ekaterina II s Fridrikhom Mel’khiorom Grimmom: Iz istorii rukopisei’,
  Vek Prosveshcheniia:
  I, 30–49.
  
• 40. Grimm, 543, 1 June 1791.
  
• 41. S. Dixon,
  Catherine the Great
  (Harlow, 2001), 81–2; Diderot,
  Oeuvres philosophiques
  , ed. P. Vernière (Paris, 1961), 630.
  
• 42. Diderot,
  Correspondance
  , 142, 30 Dec. 1773 NS, to Mmes Diderot and Vandeul.
  
• 43. Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 630–1, 633; Diderot,
  Correspondance
  , 103, Grimm to Geoffrin, 10 Nov. 1773 NS.
  
• 44. Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 632.
  
• 45. Diderot,
  Mémoires pour Catherine II
  , ed. P. Vernière (Paris, 1966), 199, 178, 10, prints the revised text of the essays following discussion with C.
  
• 46. A. Strugnell,
  Diderot’s Politics
  (The Hague, 1973), 25–6.
  
• 47. Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 598.
  
• 48. Strugnell,
  Diderot’s Politics
  , 135–8; Diderot,
  Mémoires
  , 117, 118; Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 635.
  
• 49. Diderot,
  Mémoires
  , 117, 121, 122.
  
• 50. Diderot,
  Correspondance
  , 135–6, Diderot to Dashkova, 24 Dec. 1773 NS.
  
• 51. Quoted in Jones,
  Nikolay Novikov
  , 65.
  
• 52. Quoted in Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 640.
  
• 53. Diderot,
  Mémoires
  , 44.
  
• 54. S. Karp, ‘Le questionnaire de Diderot adressé à Catherine II: quelques précisions’,
  Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopédie
  , 33 (2002), 47, 55.
  
• 55. See, in particular, G. Dulac, ‘Diderot et le “mirage russe”: quelques preliminaires à l’étude de son travail politique de Pétersbourg’, in
  Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siècle
  , eds. Karp and Wolff, 149–92, and G. Goggi, ‘Diderot et la Russie: colonisation et civilisation. Projets et experience directe’, in
  Diderot and European Culture
  , eds. Ogée and Strugnell, 57–76.
  
• 56. Diderot,
  Mémoires
  , 35.
  
• 57. R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed.,
  Dokumenty stavki E.I. Pugacheva
  (M, 1975), 23. See 24–32 for similar manifestos to different interest groups through Oct. 1773.
  
• 58. Under interrogation in Moscow in Nov. 1774, Pugachëv claimed to be in his thirty-third year: see R. V. Ovchinnikov, ed.,
  Emel’ian Pugachev nad sledstvii
  (M, 1997), 127.
  
• 59. M. Raeff, ‘Pugachev’s Rebellion’, in
  Preconditions of Revolution in Early Modern Europe
  , eds. R. Forster and J. P. Greene (Baltimore, MD, 1970), 161–202; Madariaga, 233, 243.
  
• 60. Madariaga, 239–55; J. P. LeDonne,
  The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831
  (Oxford, 2004), 115; J. T. Alexander,
  Autocratic Politics in a National Crisis: The Imperial Russian Government and the Pugachev Revolt, 1773–1775
  (Bloomington, IN, 1969), 76.
  
• 61. Lopatin, 7, 4 Dec. 1773.
  
• 62.
  SIRIO
  , xiii: C. to Mme. Bielke, 16 Jan. 1774.
  
• 63.
  KfZh
  (1774), 18–19, 22, 25, 28.
  
• 64. Alexander,
  Autocratic Politics
  , 112–3.
  
• 65.
  KfZh
  (1774), 43–7; Gunning to Suffolk, 24 Jan. 1774, quoted in Wilson, ‘Diderot in Russia’, 190.
  
• 66.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 399–400, Gunning to Suffolk, 11 Feb. 1774; 401, 14 Feb. See also lxxii: 490–2, Solms to Frederick, 7 Feb.
  
• 67.
  KfZh
  (1774), 15, 26.
  
• 68.
  KfZh
  (1774), 59–60. On Knowles, see Cross, 192–5 and
  passim
  .
  
• 69.
  KfZh
  (1774), 82–3; Lopatin, 10, 21 Feb. 1774.
  
• 70. Lopatin, 12, 28 Feb. 1774.
  
• 71. Lopatin, 10, 26 Feb. 1774; 12, 28 Feb.
  
• 72. Lopatin, 13–14, 1 Mar. 1774. Aleksey Orlov first appeared at Court on 27 Feb.:
  KfZh
  (1773), 97.
  
• 73.
  KfZh
  (1774), 103, 110–12.
  
• 74. Gunning to Suffolk, 4 Mar. 1774, quoted in Montefiore, 110.
  
• 75. Montefiore, 83, 85.
  
• 76. Lopatin, 14, after 1 Mar. 1775.
  
• 77. Lopatin, 22, 10 Apr. 1774.
  
• 78.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 409, Gunning to Suffolk, 8 Apr. 1774; Madariaga 248;
  KfZh
  (1774), 147.
  
• 79. Grimm, 1, 25 Apr. 1774.
  
• 80.
  KfZh
  (1774), 172–8.
  
• 81.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 416, Gunning to Suffolk, 13 June 1774; Alexander,
  Autocratic Politics
  , 132; Madariaga, 263.
  
• 82.
  KfZh
  (1774), 281–6; Lopatin, 513–5; Madariaga, 344.
  
• 83. Lopatin, 34, 22 July 1774.
  
• 84. Grimm, 137, 7 May 1779.
  
• 85.
  Letters of Mozart
  , ed. Anderson, 486, 19 Feb. 1778 NS.
  
• 86. J. Rosselli,
  Singers of Italian Opera: The History of a Profession
  (Cambridge, 1992), 66 and
  passim
  .
  
• 87. Harris Papers, 879, Elizabeth Harris to James Harris, jr., 16 Feb. 1776 NS.
  
• 88.
  KfZh
  (1774), 324–5; Wraxall,
  A Tour
  , 201, 204; Livanova, ii: 412.
  
• 89.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 39, C. to Elagin, 19 May 1775.
  
• 90. C. rode in an open carriage from the Summer Palace while an officer bearing laurel wreaths led a troop of 100 Horse Guards to accompany the Senate official who made five public proclamations of the peace: in front of the Summer Palace; at the Haymarket; in front of the Senate; in front of the Twelve Colleges on Vasilevsky Island; and on the Petersburg side of the city:
  KfZh
  (1774), 429–39.
  
• 91. Madariaga, 254.
  
• 92.
  KfZh
  (1774), 474–5.
  
• 93.
  KfZh
  (1774), 507, 3 Sept.
  
• 94. Madariaga, 249, 266.
  
• 95. Best. D19188, C. to Voltaire, 2 Nov. 1774.
  
• 96. Madariaga, 267–8.
  
• 97.
  PSZ
  , xx: 14,235, 15 Jan. 1775.
  
• 98. Quoted in Sunderland,
  Taming the Wild Field
  , 58.
  
• 99.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 23, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Jan. 1775.
  
• 100.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 448–9, Gunning to Suffolk, 26 Jan. 1775.
  
• 101. Corberon, i: 80–1.
  
• 102. Grimm, 15, 30 Jan. 1775.
  
• 103. Only later was the host rehabilitated, under a different name, the Black Sea Host: see Madariaga, 359–60; Ransel,
  Politics
  , 250–1.
  
• 104. Madariaga, 553.
  
• 105.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 36, C. to Mme Bielke, 12 Apr. 1775.
  
• 106. McGrew, 86.
  
• 107. Lopatin, 71, C. to Potemkin, after 21 Apr. 1775.
  
• 108.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 48, C. to Mme Bielke, 24 July 1775.
  
• 109. Shvidkovsky,
  The Empress and the Architect
  , 192–3.
  
• 110. Best. D19712, Voltaire to C., 18 Oct. 1775 NS.
  
• 111. R. E. Jones,
  The Emancipation of the Russian Nobility, 1762–1785
  (Princeton, NJ, 1973), 210–20 (216).
  
• 112. M. Lopato, ‘English Silver in St Petersburg’, in
  British Art Treasures
  , 131.
  
• 113. Grimm, 42, 20 Jan. 1776.
  

Chapter 10

• 1. A. Raskin,
  Gorod Lomonosova: Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli XVIII veka
  (Leningrad, 1983), 112–3.
  
• 2.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 133, Cathcart to Rochford, 29 Oct. 1770.
  
• 3. Quoted in A. G. Cross,
  ‘By the Banks of the Thames’: Russians in Eighteenth-Century Britain
  (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 241.
  
• 4. Lopatin, 92–3, undated, Feb.–Mar. 1776.
  
• 5.
  SIRIO
  , xix: 513, R. Oakes to W. Eden, 8 Mar. 1776.
  
• 6. Lopatin, 103, undated, May–June 1776.
  
• 7. Lopatin, 106, 22 June 1776; 105, undated, 7–21 June; D. Smith, ed.,
  Love and Conquest: Personal Correspondence of Catherine the Great and Prince Grigory Potemkin
  (DeKalb, IL, 2004), 69–72.
  
• 8. Lopatin, 91, undated, Feb.–Mar. 1776.
  
• 9. Corberon, ii: 37, 68; 27 Oct. and 8 Dec. 1776 NS.
  
• 10. C.’s undated love letters to Zavadovskii are translated in Alexander, 342–53 (here pp. 344–5).
  
• 11. Lopatin, 115, before 14 May 1777.
  
• 12. Zavadovskii, 263, 14 Aug. 1781. On the estate in Poltava province, presented to him on 10 July 1775 in celebration of the Peace of Kuchuk Kainardzhi, see N. Makarenko, ‘Lialichi’,
  Starye gody
  , July–Sept. 1910, 131–51.
  
• 13. Alexander, 206–14 (212).
  
• 14. Lopatin, 115, before 10 June 1777; I. I. Leshchilovskaia, ‘Semen Zorich’, in
  Vek Ekateriny II: Rossiia i Balkany
  (M, 1998), 129–38; M. I. Meshcherskii, ‘Semen Gavrilovich Zorich’,
  RA
  , 1879, no. 5, 37–65.
  
• 15. Montefiore, 179–84.
  
• 16. Harris Diaries, i: 198–9, Harris to Fraser, 16/27 May 1778.
  
• 17. Ibid. On headaches, see Grimm, 79, 14 Feb. 1778; 87, 16 May.
  
• 18. Corberon, ii: 330, 4 Sept. 1780 NS.
  
• 19. McGrew, 91–3;
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 81, C. to Mme Bielke, 28 Apr. 1776; Corberon, i: 224–30, 25–6 Apr. NS.
  
• 20. Dimsdale, 46, informed by W. Tooke.
  
• 21. Corberon, i: 248, 7 May 1776 NS.
  
• 22. Best. D20207, C. to Voltaire, 25 June 1776.
  
• 23. McGrew, 93–8; Zavadovskii, 242–3, Apr. 1776.
  
• 24.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 115–6, in C.’s own hand.
  
• 25.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 117–8, C. to Mme Bielke, 5 Sept. 1776.
  
• 26.
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 109, C. to Paul, early Aug. 1776.
  
• 27. Corberon, ii: 7–9, 7 Oct. 1776 NS.
  
• 28. Corberon, ii: 20, 13 Oct. 1776 NS. The second performance was ‘very badly attended’: ibid., 22.
  
• 29. McGrew, 99–103.
  
• 30. Harris Diaries, i: 174, Harris to Yorke, 2/13 Feb. 1778.
  
• 31. Harris Diaries, i: 178–79, Harris to Suffolk, 7/18 Mar. 1778.
  
• 32. Grimm, 83, 2–4 Mar. 1778.
  
• 33. Lopatin, 39 [30 Aug. 1774].
  
• 34. S. G. Runkevich,
  Sviato-Troitskaia Aleksandro-Nevskaia Lavra, 1713–1913
  , 2 vols. (SPb, 2001 edn.), ii: 134–5, 137–8; N. Belekhov and A. Petrov,
  Ivan Starov: Materialy k izucheniiu tvorchestva
  (M, 1950), 67–8;
  KfZh
  (1778), 537–47.
  
• 35. Proschwitz, 131–2, C. to Gustav III, 2 Sept. 1778.
  
• 36.
  KfZh
  (1781), 525–6; Proschwitz, 159, 15 Dec. 1781.
  
• 37.
  SIRIO
  , xv: 39, C. to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna, undated.
  
• 38. On tears, see
  SIRIO
  , xxvii: 308, C’s instruction to Saltykov.
  
• 39. Proschwitz, 159, C. to Gustav III, 15 Dec. 1781.
  
• 40.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 97, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 7 Dec. 1781
  
• 41. Grimm, 176, 14 May 1780; see also 190, 2 Oct.
  
• 42. M. Okenfuss,
  The Discovery of Childhood in Russia
  (Newtonville, MA, 1980), 58–62.
  
• 43. Madariaga, 495–8 (497–8). The ‘Book On the Duties of Man and Citizen’ is translated by E. Gorky in J. L. Black,
  Citizens for the Fatherland: Education, educators, and pedagogical ideals in eighteenth-century Russia
  (Boulder, CO, 1979), 209–66.
  
• 44.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 110, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 4 Jan. 1782.
  
• 45. Ibid., 124, 25 Feb. 1782.
  
• 46. Ibid., 127, 10 Mar. 1782.
  
• 47. E. P. Renne, ‘Kartiny Bromptona v Ermitazhe’, in
  Zapadno-Evropeiskoe iskusstvo XVIII veka: Publikatsii i issledovaniia
  (Leningrad, 1987), 57–8. On Brompton–‘a harum-scarum artist’ to Jeremy Bentham, yet to C. a second Van Dyck–see Cross, 308–12.
  
• 48. Lopatin, 189, early 1784; Zorin,
  Kormia dvuglavogo orla
  , 130–1.
  
• 49. Harris Diaries, i: 236, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.
  
• 50. Shvidkovsky,
  The empress and the architect
  , 105.
  
• 51. Harris Diaries, i: 237–8, Harris to Weymouth, 24 May/4 June 1779.
  
• 52. Harris Papers, 1036, G. Harris to E. Harris, 2/13 July 1779. On
  Hermes
  , see C. T. Probyn,
  The sociable Humanist: The life and works of James Harris
  (Oxford, 1991), ch. 5.
  
• 53. The following draws on ‘Zhurnal vysochaishago puteshestviia v gorod Mogilev 1780 g.’,
  KfZh
  (1780), 267–432; ‘Dnevnaia zapiska puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva chrez Pskov i Polotsk v Mogilev’,
  SIRIO
  , i: 384–420; and C.’s letters to Paul and Maria Fëdorovna,
  SIRIO
  , ix: 39–63. See also Beales,
  Joseph II
  , 431–8 and N. V. Bessarabova, ‘Iosif II i Ekaterina II v puteshestviiakh po Rossii’, in
  Nemtsy v Rossii: rossiisko-nemetskii dialog
  , ed. G. I. Smagina (SPb, 2001), 461–9.
  
• 54. Grimm, 166, 7 Dec. 1779.
  
• 55. Dimsdale, 71; Bessarabova, 38, 45–6.
  
• 56. Grimm, 178, 16 May 1780.
  
• 57.
  AKV
  , xiii: 16.
  
• 58.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 49, 19 May 1780.
  
• 59.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 48, 18 May 1780.
  
• 60. Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich,
  Graf Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov (1774–1817)
  , 3 vols. (SPb, 1903), i: 237–8, A. S. Stroganov to G. Romme. A total of 300 noble pupils and 130 children of townspeople were enrolled in the six schools in Polotsk province in 1780, when Mogilëv province had 34 schools with 858 pupils: Madariaga, 494.
  
• 61.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 51, 22 May 1780;
  KfZh
  (1780), 329. On the
  namestniki
  ’s silver services, see above, p. 240.
  
• 62. Grimm, 180, 25 May 1780.
  
• 63. Engelhardt, 33–6 (33). On the landscape, see ibid., p. 28, and
  SIRIO
  , ix: 53, 24 May 1780.
  
• 64.
  KfZh
  (1780), 336–9; Lopatin, 140, C. to Potemkin, 23 May 1780.
  
• 65. Lopatin, 139, 22 May 1780.
  
• 66. Engelhardt, 26–31; Montefiore, 225.
  
• 67. Grimm, 181, 27 May 1780; ibid., 208, 23 June 1781.
  
• 68. Grimm, 181, 190, 27 May and 2 Oct. 1780.
  
• 69.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 59, 1 June 1780.
  
• 70. Harris Diaries, i: 313, Harris to Elliot (at Berlin), 2/13 June 1780.
  
• 71. Harris Diaries, i: 314, Harris to Keith (at Vienna), June 1780.
  
• 72. Bezborodko, 231, 17 Oct. 1780.
  
• 73. P. Mansel,
  Prince of Europe: The life of Charles-Joseph de Ligne
  (London, 2003), 101.
  
• 74. I. de Madariaga, ‘The secret Austro-Russian treaty of 1781’,
  SEER
  , 38 (1959), 114–45; Ransel,
  Politics
  , 254–5.
  
• 75. Anderson, ed.,
  Letters of Mozart
  , 780, 24 Nov. 1781 NS.
  
• 76. McGrew, 120.
  
• 77. McGrew, 112–42; N. I. Stadnichuk, ‘Puteshestvie grafa i grafini severnykh v neapolitanskoe korolevstvo’,
  PKNO
  : 2004 (M, 2006), 398–431.
  
• 78. The following draws on ‘Peterburgskoe obshchestvo v 1781 g., pis’ma Pikara k kn. A.B. Kurakinu’,
  RS
  , Apr. 1870, 297–321; ‘S.-Peterburg v 1782 godu: izvestiia Pikara o sobytiiakh v gorode i pri dvore’,
  RS
  , May 1878, 39–66.
  
• 79. Bezborodko, 253, 25 Nov. 1781.
  
• 80. Grimm, 47, 18 Apr. 1776.
  
• 81. Khrapovitskii, 1–2, 18 Apr. and 25 July 1782; J. M. Hartley, ‘Catherine’s conscience court–an English equity court?’, in
  Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century
  , ed. A. G. Cross (Newtonville, MA, 1981).
  
• 82. Madariaga, 292–5.
  
• 83. Montefiore, 237–8, gives different dates.
  
• 84. Grimm, 152, 14 July 1779.
  
• 85.
  KfZh
  (1781), 654.
  
• 86. ‘Peterburgskoe obshchestvo’, 300, 12 Oct. 1781.
  
• 87.
  KfZh
  (1782), 50.
  
• 88. Grimm, 242–3, 28 June 1782.
  
• 89. Falconet, 130, C. to Falconet, 1 June 1770, records the complaint of the ‘scandalised’ Chebyshev, chief procurator of the Holy Synod. cf. Schenker,
  Bronze Horseman
  , 249–51.
  
• 90. Harris to Grantham, 9 Aug. 1782, quoted in C. Frank, ‘“A man more jealous of glory than of wealth”: Houdon’s dealings with Russia’, in
  Jean-Antoine Houdon: Sculptor of the Enlightenment
  , ed. A. L. Poulet (Washington, D.C., 2003), 56.
  
• 91. Grimm, 64–5, 10 Sept. 1777.
  
• 92. Corberon, ii: 177–80, 21–22 Sept. NS; Proschwitz, 93, C. to Gustav III, 29 Sept. 1777.
  
• 93. Lopatin, 118, after 10 Sept. 1777. C. remembered the precise height of the waters in 1777 when the river rose again (by only seven feet) in 1794: Grimm, 603, 21 Apr. 1794.
  
• 94. Dimsdale, 41.
  
• 95.
  PSZ
  , xx: 14,968, 14 Jan. 1780. For an inspection, see
  KfZh
  (1786), 371–4. On the dispute in 1787, see Alexander, 261.
  
• 96. Storch, 15. See also, Stedingk, i: 40.
  
• 97. Quoted in Shvidkovsky,
  The Empress and the Architect
  , 45.
  
• 98. V. Shevchenko, ‘Proekt “antichnogo doma” dlia Ekateriny II. Mify i real’nost”, in L. Tedeschi and N. Navone, eds.,
  Ot mifa k proektu: Vliianie ital’ianskikh i tichinskikh arkhitektorov v Rossii epokhi klassitsi
  m
  a (SPb, 2004), 76–9.
  
• 99. Grimm, 379, 7 July 1786; Shvidkovsky,
  The Empress and the Architect
  , 61–9.
  
• 100. Shvidkovsky,
  The Empress and the Architect
  , 85; Dimsdale, 53. See also Grimm, 239, 2 June 1782.
  
• 101. Grimm, 207–8, 22 June 1781.
  
• 102.
  SIRIO
  , ix: 140, C. to Maria Fëdorovna, 23 Apr. 1782.
  
• 103. Quoted in S. Massie,
  Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace
  (London, 1990), 32–3, where the visit is dated 11 May, presumably the NS date of K. Kiukhel’beker’s letter to Maria Fëdorovna. Compare
  SIRIO
  , ix: 145–7, C. to Mariia Fedorovna, 2 May 1782;
  KfZh
  (1782), 186, 29 Apr.
  
• 104. Grimm, 157, 23 Aug. 1779.
  
• 105. Grimm, 255, 15 Nov. 1782.
  
• 106. Corberon, i: 156, 4 Feb. 1776 NS.
  
• 107. A. Moore, ‘The Houghton Sale’, in
  British Art Treasures
  , 46–55; J. Conlin,
  The Nation’s Mantelpiece: A history of the National Gallery
  (London, 2006), 21–8.
  
• 108. Grimm, 47, 18 Apr. 1776; 145, 18 June 1779. See also C. Frank, ‘“Plus il y en aura, mieux ce sera”–Caterina II di Russia e Anton Raphael Mengs. Suo ruolo degli agenti ‘cesarei’ Grimm e Reiffenstein’, in
  Mengs: La Scoperta del Neoclassico
  , ed. S. Roettgen (Padua, 2001), 86–95.
  
• 109. Grimm, 167, 2 Jan. 1780; 253, 14 Nov. 1782; McGrew, 134;
  Charles-Louis Clérisseau (1721–1820): Dessins du musée de l’Ermitage Saint-Pétersbourg
  (Paris, 1995).
  
• 110. Grimm, 93, 21 June 1778; Frank, ‘“A man more jealous of glory than wealth”’, in
  Jean-Antoine Houdon,
  ed. Poulet, 54–5.
  
• 111. Bentham, ii: 201, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 20–21 Dec. 1778.
  
• 112. M. P. Alekseev, ‘Biblioteka Vol’tera v Rossii’, in
  Biblioteka Vol’tera: Katalog knig
  (Leningrad, 1961), 9, 26.
  
• 113. Grimm, 221, 27 Sept. 1781.
  
• 114. S. Ia. Karp, ‘Perepiska Grimma s Verzhennom (1775–1777)’, in
  Russko-frantsuzskie kul’turnye sviazi v epokhu Prosveshcheniia: Materialy i issledovaniia
  (M, 2001), 137–8, Grimm to Vergennes, 15 Feb. 1777. De Mailly’s piece was delivered, to general acclamation, in June 1778: see Grimm, 95.
  
• 115. Grimm, 84, 2–4 Mar. 1778; N. Rotshtein, ‘Novyia knigi po keramiki’,
  Starye gody
  , Apr. 1909, 219. ‘A Rouble is 5 French livres’, Bentham, ii: 126, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 18 June 1778.
  
• 116. Grimm, 135, 16 Apr. 1779.
  
• 117. Quarenghi, 58, to Betskoy, July 1784.
  
• 118. Madariaga, 387–9; Smith,
  Love and Conquest
  , 115–20; Montefiore, 246–9, 252–9; Lopatin, 176, 15 July 1783.
  
• 119. L. V. Tychinina and N. B. Bessarabova,
  Kniaginia Dashkova i imperatorskii dvor
  (M, 2006), 40–63, summarises the evidence of
  KfZh
  .
  
• 120. Madariaga, 535.
  
• 121. G. I. Smagina, ‘Kniaginia Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova: Shtrikhi k portretu’, in E. R. Dashkova,
  O smysle slova ‘vospitanie’: sochineniia, pis’ma, dokumenty
  (M, 2001), 56–63, 71–2.
  
• 122. Beer and Fiedler, i: 20, Cobenzl to Joseph II, 5 May 1780 NS.