Catherine the Great (62 page)

Chapter 5

• 1. G. S. Rousseau, ‘“A strange pathology”: Hysteria in the Early Modern World’, in S. L. Gilman, et al,
  Hysteria beyond Freud
  (Berkeley, 1993), 157; L. Brockliss and C. Jones,
  The Medical World of Early Modern France
  (Oxford, 1997), 444.
  
• 2.
  AKV
  , ii: 633–6.
  
• 3. See E. V. Anisimov, ‘I. I. Shuvalov–deiatel’ rossiiskogo Prosveshcheniia’,
  Voprosy istorii
  , 1985, no. 7, 94–104.
  
• 4.
  KfZh
  (1761), 7.
  
• 5.
  KfZh
  (1760), 175.
  
• 6. Alexander, ‘Ivan Shuvalov’, 8.
  
• 7. ‘Russkii dvor’,.
  
• 8.
  AKV
  , iv: 461, 20 Feb. 1761.
  
• 9.
  F.G. Volkov i russkii teatr ego vremeni
  , 138–43.
  
• 10.
  KfZh
  (1761), 22. The artist’s name is not given.
  
• 11.
  AKV
  , iv: 461, 20 Feb. 1761; 462, 23 Feb.
  
• 12. Ia. V. Bruk,
  U istokov russkogo zhanra: XVIII vek
  (M, 1990), 45, pl. 53–5;
  AKV
  , xxxiv: 129.
  
• 13. Chappe d’Auteroche,
  Voyage en Sibérie
  , ed. M. Mervaud, ii: 344–5,
  SVEC
  , 2004:04.
  
• 14.
  KfZh
  (1761), 3–4, 7, 10;
  AKV
  , xxi: 84.
  
• 15.
  Zapiski Shtelina
  , i: 261.
  
• 16. ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Misere’, in
  Ekaterina: put’ k vlasti
  , eds. M. Lavrinovich and A. Liberman (M, 2003), 54.
  
• 17.
  AKV
  , iv: 464, 10 Apr. 1761, A. K. Vorontsova to her daughter, Anna Mikhailovna.
  
• 18.
  AKV
  , iv: 464–5, 17 Apr. 1761;
  KfZh
  (1761); Alexander, ‘Ivan Shuvalov’, 9.
  
• 19.
  AKV
  , iv: 465, 24 Apr. and 30 Apr. 1761.
  
• 20.
  KfZh
  (1761), 76, 94, 99, 102, 109, 122.
  
• 21.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 785–6.
  
• 22.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 613–27,
  passim
  .
  
• 23. Alexander, 55–7.
  
• 24.
  KfZh
  (1761), 79–80. For further fires see AKV, iv: 476, 6 July.
  
• 25.
  AKV
  , iv: 474, 15 June 1761.
  
• 26. Bil’basov, i: 418, n. 5, quoting the French ambassador Breteuil. Elizabeth had spent most of the week before at her devotions in her private chapel:
  KfZh
  (1761), 100–1.
  
• 27.
  KfZh
  (1761).
  
• 28.
  AKV
  : xxxi: 151, circular from M. L. Vorontsov, 19 Dec. 1761.
  
• 29. Shtelin,
  Zapiski
  , 97;
  KfZh
  (1762), 9–10.
  
• 30. For daily lists of their respective dining companions in Jan. and Feb., see
  KfZh
  (1762), 54–118, 1st pagn.
  
• 31.
  KfZh
  (1762), 3, 1st pagn.
  
• 32.
  KfZh
  (1762), 12, 1st pagn;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 506–7.
  
• 33. Vinogradov, ‘Russian Mission’, 71. For Anna’s funeral commission, see
  Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva
  , i: 431–94 (438–9).
  
• 34. Shtelin,
  Zapiski
  , 96;
  KfZh
  (1762), 6–7, 1st pagn; L. Hughes, ‘Royal Funerals in Eighteenth-Century Russia’, in
  Monarchy and Religion
  , ed. Schaich, 411–2.
  
• 35.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 508, has misled generations of historians by giving 25 Jan. as the date of Elizabeth’s funeral.
  
• 36.
  KfZh
  (1762), 16–17, 1st pagn.
  
• 37. Ya. P. Shakhovskoy,
  Zapiski, 1709–1777
  , ed. R. E. Jones (Newtonville, MA, 1974), iii, 183.
  
• 38.
  Anecdotes russes, ou letters d’un officier allemand a un gentilhomme livonien, écrites de Pétersbourg en 1762
  (London [The Hague], 1765), 32–4.
  
• 39. Bil’basov, i: 424.
  
• 40. ‘Zapiski pridvornago bril’iantshchika Poz’e’,
  RS
  , March 1870, 201–3.
  
• 41.
  AKV
  , xxxi: 153, M. L. to A. R. Vorontsov, 28 Dec. 1761. It was imposed that day:
  KfZh
  (1761), suppl., 4–5.
  
• 42.
  KfZh
  (1762), 19, 1st pagn, 27 Feb.
  
• 43. Shtelin,
  Zapiski
  , 97;
  KfZh
  (1762), 25, 1st pagn, 4 Feb.;
  SIRIO
  , vii: 121, 7 July 1762.
  
• 44. Hughes, ‘Royal funerals’, 413. The coffin was lowered into the vault only on 27 Feb., when neither Peter nor C. was present:
  KfZh
  (1762), 46, 1st pagn.
  
• 45.
  Mémoires du Comte de Hordt
  (Paris, 1784), 267–8.
  
• 46.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 508–9.
  
• 47.
  Mémoires du Comte de Hordt
  , 267–8. In point of fact, C. was to attend memorial services for Elizabeth for the rest of her life.
  
• 48.
  KfZh
  (1762), 28–34, 1st pagn; ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Mizere’, 57; Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 106, 111, 260–3.
  
• 49.
  SIRIO
  , xviii: 83, 143, Mercy to Kaunitz, 1 Feb. and 26 Feb. 1762 NS.
  
• 50.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 547, C. to Poniatowski, 2 Aug. 1762.
  
• 51. Shcherbatov, 233.
  
• 52. C. S. Leonard,
  Reform and Regicide: The Reign of Peter III of Russia
  (Bloomington, IN, 1993), 42–5; 48–57. For a penetrating discussion, see E. A. Marasinova, ‘Manifest o vol’nosti dvorianstva (k voprosu o mekhanizmakh sotsial’nogo kontrolia)’, in
  E.R. Dashkova i zolotoi vek Ekateriny
  , ed. L. V. Tychinina, et al (M, 2006), 84–108.
  
• 53. Tooke, i: 219.
  
• 54.
  KfZh
  (1762), 39, 1st pagn; ‘Dnevnik statskogo sovetnika Mizere’, 59.
  
• 55. Bolotov, ii: 108–11.
  
• 56. Bil’basov, i: 423–4; 428–9.
  
• 57.
  PCFG
  , xxi: 164, Frederick to Prince Henry, 3 Jan. 1762; 175, to Finckelstein, 11 Jan. 1761 NS.
  
• 58. Ibid., 194, 22 Jan.; (210), 29 Jan.; (212), 31 Jan.
  
• 59.
  AKV
  , xxi: 46–7;
  SIRIO
  , xviii: 361, Mercy to Kaunitz, 28 May 1762 NS. Prince Dashkov reached Kiev before being recalled by Catherine.
  
• 60. Tooke, i: 239.
  
• 61. Ransel,
  Politics
  , 59–61 (61).
  
• 62. Troitskii,
  Finansovaia politika
  , 246–7; Leonard,
  Reform and Regicide
  , 122.
  
• 63. Kurukin,
  Epokha ‘dvorskikh bur’
  , 385–92.
  
• 64. Leonard,
  Reform and Regicide
  , 136.
  
• 65. Madariaga, 27–8.
  
• 66.
  AKV
  , xxi: 49.
  
• 67. R. Vroon, ‘9 June 1762: The tears of an empress, or the toast that toppled an emperor’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 129–30.
  
• 68.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 547, C. to Poniatowski, 2 Aug. 1762.
  
• 69.
  AKV
  , xxi: 68.
  
• 70. The following draws on Madariaga, 29–32, and Alexander, 3–16.
  
• 71.
  PSZ
  , xvi: 11,585.
  
• 72. R. Bartlett, ‘30 October 1763: The Beginning of Abolitionism in Russia’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 138.
  
• 73. Tooke, i: 292.
  
• 74.
  Osmnadtsatyi vek
  , 2 (1869), 634, Talyzin to Panin, 29 June 1762.
  
• 75.
  Perevorot 1762 goda
  (M, 1908), 141; Bil’basov, ii: 104–6.
  
• 76.
  Sochineniia
  , xii:.
  
• 77. A. Schumacher,
  Geschichte der Thronentsetzung und des Tode Peter des Dritten
  (Hamburg, 1858).
  
• 78. K. A. Pisarenko, ‘Neskol’ko dnei iz istorii “uedinennogo i priiatnogo mestechka”’, in O. A. Ivanov, V. S. Lopatin and K. A. Pisarenko,
  Zagadki russkoi istorii: XVIII vek
  (M, 2000), 253–398.
  
• 79. Madariaga, 32.
  

Chapter 6

• 1.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 113, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 28 June 1763 NS; cxl: 205, Bérenger to Praslin, 28 June and 8 July; xlvi: 538–40, Mercy to Kaunitz, 28 June.
  
• 2. Alexander, 74–5.
  
• 3.
  SIRIO
  , xxii: 66, 75, Solms to Frederick II; 7/18 June 1763; xii: 113, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 28 June 1763 NS.
  
• 4.
  KfZh
  (1763), 109–11, 112–4, 117, 129; I. V. Kapustina, ‘Usad’ba Kuskovo v kontekste evropeiskikh paradnykh rezidentsii XVIII veka’,
  Russkaia usad’ba
  , 9 (2003), 163–81;
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 14, 25 June 1763.
  
• 5.
  KfZh
  (1763), 131–42.
  
• 6. M. I. Pyliaev,
  Staryi Peterburg
  (SPb, 2007 edn.), 260. Begun in 1753, the church survived until 1961 when it was demolished during Khrushchev’s anti-religious campaign to make way for the
  Sennaia ploshchad’
  metro station.
  
• 7.
  SIRIO
  , cxl: 206–7, Bérenger to Praslin, 12 July 1763 NS.
  
• 8.
  Zapiski Shtelina
  , i: 209; M. F. Korshunova,
  Iurii Fel’ten
  (Leningrad, 1988), 28. The gallery was demolished in 1766 as part of the scheme to clad the Neva’s banks in granite.
  
• 9. Rovinskii,
  Obozrenie ikonopisaniia
  , 279–80;
  Zapiski Shtelina
  , i: 256.
  
• 10.
  SIRIO
  , cxl: 206, Bérenger to Praslin, 12 July 1763 NS.
  
• 11. The longest of these memoranda is at
  SIRIO
  , x: 380–1, 20 Sept. 1769.
  
• 12. Madariaga, 123–32.
  
• 13. Bartlett, 30 October 1763, 139–40. See the same author’s ‘The Question of Serfdom: Catherine II, the Russian Debate and the View from the Baltic Periphery’, in
  Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment
  , eds. R. Bartlett and J. M. Hartley (London, 1990), 142–66, and his ‘Serfdom and state power in Imperial Russia’,
  European History Quarterly
  , 33 (2003), 38–9.
  
• 14. A. Kamenskii,
  Ot Petra I do Pavla I: Reformy v Rossii XVIII veka
  (M, 1999), 330.
  
• 15. R. Bartlett, ‘Educational Projects in the First Decade of the Reign of Catherine II’, in
  Russische Aufklärungsre
  eption im Kontext offi
  ieller Bildungskon
  epte (1700–1825)
  , ed. G. Lehmann-Carli, et al. (Berlin, 2001), 109–24.
  
• 16. D. L. Ransel,
  Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia
  (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 31–45.
  
• 17. Poroshin, 20, 29 Sept. 1764; 117, 9 Dec.; 133, 20 Dec; and
  passim
  .
  
• 18. W. Rosslyn, ‘5 May 1764: The Foundation of the Smol’nyi Institute’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 149.
  
• 19. See, in particular, her letters to ‘Dusky Levushka’ (Princess Cherkasskaia), from
  c
  . 1770: ‘Chetyre pis’ma Ekateriny II-y k kniagine A. P. Cherkasskoi’,
  RA
  , 1870, no. 3, 529–39.
  
• 20.
  PSZ
  , xvi: 11,606, 12 July 1762, referring to the Senate meeting on 3 July.
  
• 21. J. P. LeDonne,
  Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism 1762–1796
  (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 27–30; L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in
  Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI–XVIII vv.
  (M, 1991), 171.
  
• 22. W. Daniel,
  Grigorii Teplov: A Statesman at the Court of Catherine the Great
  (Newtonville, MA, 1991);
  MP
  , iii: 144–53.
  
• 23. R. Faggionato,
  A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Masonic circle of N.I. Novikov
  (Amsterdam, 2005), 16–21;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 298, (406).
  
• 24. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia’, 172–5;
  SIRIO
  , vii: 319, Teplov to Elagin, 12 Sept. 1763.
  
• 25. G. E. Munro, ‘Food in Catherinian St. Petersburg’, in
  Food in Russian History and Culture
  , eds. M. Glants and J. Toomre (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 31–48. Panin and Elagin reminisced about the imperial table in earlier eras: Poroshin, 23 Dec. 1764.
  
• 26.
  SIRIO
  , i: 261–2, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 4 Nov. 1763.
  
• 27. Parkinson, 48, 29 Nov. 1792.
  
• 28. Poroshin, 265, 28 Aug. 1765, records a visit of thirty minutes at Tsarskoe Selo: most apparently lasted about fifteen minutes.
  
• 29. O. A. Omel’chenko,
  Imperatorskoe Sobranie 1763 goda (Komissiia o vol’nosti dvorianskoi)
  (M, 2001), 13–48.
  
• 30.
  SIRIO
  , x: 381, 20 Sept. 1769; Madariaga, 43–7. Counting the backlog of Senate business became an annual obsession.
  
• 31. Quoted in Madariaga, 58.
  
• 32.
  RS
  , Nov. 1874, 494, C. to Volkov, June 1763.
  
• 33.
  Ekaterina II: Babushkina azbuka
  , ed. L.V. Tychinina (M, 2004), para. 45.
  
• 34. Ovsiannikov,
  Rastrelli
  , 173.
  
• 35.
  Ermitazh: Istoriia stroitelstva i arkhitektura zdanii
  , ed. B. B. Piotrovskii (Leningrad, 1989), 99–102; O. Medvedkova, ‘Catherine II et l’architecture à la francaise: le cas de Vallin de la Mothe’, in
  Catherine II et l’Europe
  , ed. Davidenkoff, 39–40;
  Zapiski Shtelina
  , i: 207.
  
• 36.
  SIRIO
  , xxii: 77, Solms to Frederick II, 3 June 1763.
  
• 37.
  KfZh
  (1763), 213.
  
• 38. Poroshin, 305–6, 8 Oct. 1765; McGrew, 56.
  
• 39. The following depends on G. N. Komelova, ‘Apartamenty Ekateriny II v Zimnem dvortse’, in
  Zimnii dvorets: Ocherki zhizni imperatorskoi rezidentsii, 1: XVIII-pervaia tret’ XIX veka
  (SPb, 2000), 44–73.
  
• 40. Benois,
  Tsarskoe Selo
  , 125; Poroshin, 307, 10 Oct. 1765.
  
• 41.
  AKV
  , xxxiv: 358, Panin to Anna Vorontsova, 11 Jan. 1767.
  
• 42. Poroshin, 54–5, 15 and 16 Oct. 1764; 192, 20 Feb. 1765. The machine was probably an electrostatic generator donated by Paul’s new science tutor, Franz Aepinus, a first-class scientist from Rostock whose treatise on electricity and magnetism had been published in St Petersburg in 1759. See R. W. Home,
  Electricity and Experimental Physics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
  (Hampshire, 1992), chs. XIV and XV.
  
• 43. The rooms formerly occupied by C. are now largely given over to the Hermitage Museum’s collection of French painting of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries and German drawing of the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries.
  
• 44. V. Shvarts,
  Leningrad: Art and Architecture
  (Leningrad, 1986), 54.
  
• 45.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 257, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1768.
  
• 46. Wraxall, 241.
  
• 47. Poroshin, 76, 2 Nov. 1764.
  
• 48.
  SIRIO
  , i: 260, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 6 Nov. 1764.
  
• 49. Poroshin, 240, 31 July 1765.
  
• 50.
  Lettres au Prince de Ligne
  , 40, 9 Mar. 1781.
  
• 51. S. Lovell,
  Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000
  (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation).
  
• 52.
  KfZh
  (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 230–1, 22 July 1765.
  
• 53.
  KfZh
  (1766), 12, 36, 37.
  
• 54.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 15, 7 July 1763.
  
• 55. V. V. Shevtsov,
  Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVI–nachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva
  (Tomsk, 2005), 27–30, summarises C’s subsequent legislation.
  
• 56. V. Maikov, ‘Igrok lombera’ (1763), in
  Izbrannye proizvedeniia
  , ed. A.V. Zapadov (Leningrad, 1966), 55–71.
  
• 57.
  KfZh
  (1765), 18–21, 23–4; Poroshin, 169–70, 1 Feb. 1765.
  
• 58. Poroshin, 365–6, 25 Dec. 1765.
  
• 59. M. S. Konopleva,
  Teatral’nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva
  (Leningrad, 1948), 22–3.
  
• 60. K. A. Pisarenko, ed., ‘Pis’ma Barona A.S. Stroganova ottsu iz-za granitsei’,
  Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel’stvakh i dokumentakh XVIII–XX vv
  ., New Series, 14 (M, 2005), 28 (Cambridge), and
  passim
  .
  
• 61. R. P. Gray,
  Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century
  (Oxford, 2000), 23–4.
  
• 62. ‘Pis’ma Barona A. S. Stroganova’, 13–14, 16, 17, (36).
  
• 63. V. A. Somov, ‘Krug chteniia Peterburgskogo obshchestva v nachale 1760-kh godov (iz istorii biblioteki grafa A. S. Stroganova)’,
  XVIII vek
  , 22 (SPb, 2002), 200–34.
  
• 64. Idem, ‘“Kabinet dlia chteniia grafa Stroganova” (inostrannyi fond)’, in
  Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II
  (M, 2006), 234–5.
  
• 65.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 404.
  
• 66.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 256–7, Macartney to Grafton 4/15 Apr. 1766.
  
• 67.
  AKV
  , xxxi: 331–2, C. to M. L. Vorontsov, 2 Dec. 1765. Stroganov’s divorce petition, dated 2 July 1765, is at
  AKV
  , xxxiv: 351–2. On the Synod’s growing interest in such matters, see G. L. Freeze, ‘Bringing order to the Russian family: marriage and divorce in imperial Russia, 1760–1860’,
  Journal of Modern History
  , 62 (1990), 709–48.
  
• 68. Poroshin, 167, 22 Feb. 1765; 177, 27 Feb.;
  SIRIO
  , xii: 257, 4/15 Apr. 1766.
  
• 69.
  AKV
  , xxi: 48. Stroganov also attended C. at her coronation day banquets in 1764 and 1765: Poroshin, 14, 22 Sept. 1764; 288, 22 Sept. 1765.
  
• 70. Proschwitz, 147, C. to Gustav III, 6 May 1780; Khrapovitskii, 11, 26 June 1786.
  
• 71. Shcherbatov, 231.
  
• 72.
  Correspondance
  , 85, Williams to C., 26 Aug. 1756; 8 Aug., C. to Williams.
  
• 73.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 305–6.
  
• 74.
  Despatches
  , ii: 224 (Russian memoranda).
  
• 75. Harris Diaries, i: 227, 20 Jan. 1779.
  
• 76.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 56.
  
• 77. Ibid., 557, C. to Poniatowski, 9 Aug. 1762.
  
• 78.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 126, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 22 Aug. 1763 NS; ibid., i: 266, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 20 Feb. 1765;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 5.
  
• 79. See, for example,
  Despatches
  , ii: 221, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 10 Feb. 1763 NS.
  
• 80. Poroshin, 245–6, 5 Aug. 1765. For a similar observatory at the Winter Palace, ibid., 305–6, 9 Oct. 1765.
  
• 81. R. P. Bartlett,
  Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 1762–1804
  (Cambridge, 1979), 42–3 (C.’s initiative), 47, 66–8, 91–4, 99–102.
  
• 82. Quoted in Alexander, 98.
  
• 83.
  KfZh
  (1766), 17–18.
  
• 84. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764,
  passim
  .
  
• 85. I. Petrovskaia, V. Somina,
  Teatral’nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr’ 1917 goda
  (SPb, 1994), 53–64.
  
• 86. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764 and
  passim
  .
  
• 87. Poroshin, 102, 25 Nov. 1764.
  
• 88. Shtelin,
  Muzyka
  , 222, para. 65; J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, in
  Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross
  , eds. R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (Münster, 2004), 121.