Catherine the Great (60 page)

• 53.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 18; Dauer,
  Schloßbaukunst
  , 243–50.
  
• 54.
  Sochineniia,
  xii: 26.
  
• 55.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 22–3, 443.
  
• 56.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 17–18.
  
• 57. Madariaga, 2–4; Bil’basov, i: 13–22, 30–7.
  
• 58.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 30; ibid., 443, gives 6 Jan.
  
• 59.
  PCFG,
  ii: 494–5, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 30 Dec. 1743.
  
• 60. Beales,
  Joseph II
  , 69–82 (72).
  
• 61. Poroshin, 47, 12 Oct. 1764.
  
• 62. M. Bregnsbo, ‘Danish Absolutism and Queenship: Louisa, Caroline, Matilda, and Juliana Maria’, in
  Queenship in Europe: The Role of the Consort 1660–1815
  , ed. C. Campell Orr (Cambridge, 2004), 354–5, 357–9.
  
• 63. C. C. Noel, ‘“Bárbara succeeds Elizabeth…”: The feminisation and domestication of politics in the Spanish Monarchy, 1701–1759’, in
  Queenship
  , ed. Campbell Orr, 155–85.
  
• 64. T. Biskup, ‘The Hidden Queen: Elisabeth Christine of Prussia and Hohenzollern Queenship in the Eighteenth Century’, in
  Queenship
  , ed. Campbell Orr, 306–9, 313, 315.
  
• 65.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 446.
  
• 66. Bil’basov, i: 45–6.
  
• 67. D. Blackbourn,
  The conquest of nature: Water, landscape and the making of modern Germany
  (London, 2006), 22–70 (30).
  
• 68.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 446.
  
• 69.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 1–2.
  
• 70. Edward Finch, quoted in J. Black,
  The British Abroad: The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century
  (Stroud, 2003 edn), 68.
  
• 71.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 35; R. J. M. Olson and J. M. Pasachoff,
  Fire in the Sky: Comets and Meteors, the Decisive Centuries, in British Art and Science
  (Cambridge, 1998), 49–51.
  
• 72. ‘A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Joseph Betts M.A. and Fellow of University College Oxon. To Martin Folkes, Esq.’,
  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1683–1775
  , xliii: 94. See also G. Smith,
  A Treatise of Comets
  (London, 1744), and Smith’s letter in
  The Gentleman’s Magazine
  , xiv: 86, 14 Feb. 1744.
  
• 73. S. Schaffer, ‘Comets and the world’s end’, in
  Predicting the Future
  , eds. L. Howe and A. Wain (Cambridge, 1993), 52–76; Ryan,
  Bathhouse at Midnight
  , 374–5.
  
• 74.
  Correspondance
  , 1756. The comet of 1757 prompted [F. Aepinus], ‘Razmyshleniia o vozvrate komet, s kratkim izvestiem o nyne iavivsheisia komete’,
  Ezhemesiachniaia sochineniia
  (Oct. 1757), 329–48.
  
• 75. Poroshin, 265, 29 Aug. 1765.
  
• 76.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 15.
  
• 77.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 36–7;
  SIRIO
  , vii: 16–17.
  
• 78. E. C. Thaden,
  Russia’s Western Borderlands, 1710–1870
  (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 5, n. 1;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 37.
  

Chapter 2

• 1. R. Milner-Gulland, ‘16 May 1703: The Petersburg Foundation-Myth’, in
  Days from the reigns of eighteenth-century Russian rulers,
  ed. A. Cross (Cambridge, SGECRN, 2007), i: 37–48.
  
• 2. Quoted in A. M. Wilson,
  Diderot
  (New York, 1972), 645.
  
• 3. J. Cracraft,
  The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture
  (Chicago, IL, 1988), 175–9.
  
• 4. F. C. Weber,
  The Present State of Russia
  , 2 vols. (London, 1723), i: 297–8.
  
• 5. V. Berelowitch, ‘Europe ou Asie? Saint-Pétersbourg dans les relations de voyage occidentaux’, in
  Le Mirage russe au XVIIIe siècle
  , eds. S. Karp and L. Wolff (Ferney-Voltaire, 2001), 62–7, esp. p. 66.
  
• 6. L. Hughes,
  Russia in the Age of Peter the Great
  (New Haven, CT, 1998), 211–2.
  
• 7.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 79; A. G. Cross, ‘The English Embankment’, in
  St Petersburg, 1703–1825
  , ed. Cross (Basingstoke, 2003), 65.
  
• 8. I. S. B., ‘K istorii postroiki S.-Peterburgskago Troitskago Sobora’,
  RS
  , Nov. 1911, 426.
  
• 9. Iu. N. Bespiatykh,
  Peterburg Anny Ioannovny v inostrannykh opisaniiakh
  (SPb, 1997), 175.
  
• 10. M. di Salvo, ‘A Venice of the North? Italian Views of St Petersburg’, in
  St Petersburg
  , ed. Cross, 73–4.
  
• 11.
  Letters from Count Algarotti to Lord Harvey and the Marquis Scipio Maffei
  (Glasgow, 1770), 50.
  
• 12. J. Cook,
  Voyages and Travels through the Russian Empire, Tartary, and Part of the Kingdom of Persia
  , 2 vols. (Edinburgh 1770), i: 96–7.
  
• 13. The incident led to a general preoccupation with fire: see
  PSZ
  , x: 7270, 7275, 7290, 7295.
  
• 14. Bespiatykh,
  Peterburg Anny Ioannovny
  , 72, n. 22.
  
• 15. W. B. Lincoln,
  Sunlight at Midnight: St Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia
  (Oxford, 2001), 33–4.
  
• 16. M. V. Lomonosov,
  Polnoe sobranie
  s
  ochinenii
  , 9 vols. (M, 1950–55).
  
• 17. G. Kaganov,
  Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts,
  trans. S. Monas (Stanford, CA, 1997), 19–22, 26–8.
  
• 18. Lincoln,
  Sunlight at Midnight
  , 38.
  
• 19. G. Z. Kaganov,
  Peterburg v kontekste barokko
  (SPb, 2002).
  
• 20.
  SIRIO,
  vii: 20.
  
• 21. Cook,
  Voyages and Travels
  , i: 446–8.
  
• 22.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 37–8.
  
• 23. For the premises on the Fontanka, extended in 1741, see
  Vnutrennii byt Russkago gosudarstva s 17 oktiabria 1740 goda po 25-e noiabria 1741 goda
  (M, 1880), i: 326–41. Anna decreed an annual fodder budget of 2369r. 71k. on 6 July 1737 (p. 327).
  
• 24.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 118; A. Orloff and D. Shvidkovsky,
  St Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars
  (New York, 1996), 266–7.
  
• 25. Storch, 68–9.
  
• 26. I. Iakovkin,
  Opisanie sela tsarskago
  (SPb, 1830), 118–9;
  KfZh
  (1795), 175, 10 Feb.; appendix ii: 121, 132 (grants of 200 and 947 roubles for the residents of the Okhta district). Storch, 419–20, suggests that by then, the well-born had largely abandoned the pastime as too dangerous. The location of earlier ice hills is unknown.
  
• 27.
  KfZh
  (1744), 3–6.
  
• 28.
  PSZ
  , xii: 8851, 9 Jan. 1744.
  
• 29.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 22–3;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 39; E. A. Zitser,
  The Transfigured Kingdom: Sacred Parody and Charismatic Authority at the Court of Peter the Great
  (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 52–5.
  
• 30. Coxe, i: 269–70 (visiting in 1778).
  
• 31.
  PSZ
  , xii: 8882, 29 Feb. 1744.
  
• 32. O. S. Evangulova,
  Dvortsovo-parkovye ansambli Moskvy: pervoi poloviny XVIII veka
  (M, 1969), 44–84, 12–24.
  
• 33.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 25;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 40.
  
• 34.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 530.
  
• 35.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 25–7.
  
• 36.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 41.
  
• 37. E. V. Anisimov,
  Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka: Bor’ba za nasledie Petra
  (M, 1986), 183–6;
  idem
  ,
  Elizaveta Petrovna
  (M, 1999), 189–204 (192, Saxon envoy).
  
• 38. G. Marker,
  Imperial Saint: The Cult of St. Catherine and the Dawn of Female Rule in Russia
  (DeKalb, IL, 2007), 140.
  
• 39.
  Despatches
  , ii: 223, Buckinghamshire to Countess of Suffolk, 14 Feb. 1763.
  
• 40.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 42.
  KfZh
  (1744), 7–11, gives 3–8 Mar. as the dates of the pilgrimage. The dates given in C’s memoirs are notoriously unreliable.
  
• 41. D. Willemse,
  Antonio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches, elève de Boerhaave, et son importance pour la Russie
  (Leiden, 1966).
  
• 42.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: (43), 203–4; Bil’basov, i: 90–1; Alexander, 81.
  
• 43.
  PCFG
  , iii: 94, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 14 Apr. 1744 NS, and subsequent letters to his ambassador, Baron Mardefeld.
  
• 44.
  KfZh
  (1744), 34–6; Bil’basov, i: 95–7;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 43, 95, 205.
  
• 45. Shortly after the dinner, General Johann-Ludwig Lübras von Pott, the newly appointed Russian ambassador to Sweden, demonstrated his allegiance by travelling to Stockholm via Potsdam, where he reassured Frederick that there was no prospect of another revolution in Russia:
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 37;
  PCFG
  , iii: 200, Frederick to Mardefeld, 3 July 1744 NS.
  
• 46.
  PCFG
  , iii: 48, Frederick to Johanna Elisabeth, 29 Feb. 1744 NS; ibid., 118, Frederick to Mardefeld, 1744.
  
• 47.
  PCFG
  , iii: 169, Frederick to Mardefeld, 4 June 1744 NS;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 46–8; Anisimov,
  Rossiia v seredine XVIII veka
  , 86–7, 95–6. For a detailed guide to the diplomacy of these years, see F.-D. Lishtenan,
  Rossiia vkhodit v Evropu
  (M, 2000).
  
• 48. P. I. Khoteev,
  Kniga v Rossii v seredine XVIII v.: Chastnye knizhnye sobraniia
  (Leningrad, 1989), 45–6.
  
• 49. Bil’basov, i: 113–9;
  SIRIO
  , vii: 4, C. to Christian August, 3 May 1744. In her memoirs, she claimed that Pastor Wagner had taught her that she was free to choose her confession until the time of her first communion:
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 45–6.
  
• 50. A. P. Sumarokov, ‘O pravopisanie’, in
  Polnoe sobranie vsekh sochinenii
  , 2nd ed. (M, 1787), x: 24.
  
• 51.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 48–9. On Adodurov, see A. M. Panchenko, et al,
  Slovar’ russkikh pisatelei XVIII veka
  (Leningrad, 1988), vol. 1 (A-I), 21–3.
  
• 52. Bil’basov, i: 58, n. 1;
  PCFG
  , ii: 488, Frederick to Mardefeld, 16 Dec. 1743 NS.
  
• 53.
  KfZh
  (1744), 56–9;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 49; Bil’basov, i: 119–21.
  
• 54. Bil’basov, i: 121–4.
  
• 55.
  KfZh
  (1744), 59–67.
  
• 56.
  PCFG
  , iii: 239, Frederick to C., 5 Aug. 1744 NS.
  
• 57. For the peace celebrations on 15–17 July, see
  KfZh
  (1744), 69–86.
  
• 58. On mileposts,
  PSZ
  , xii: 9016, 16 Aug. 1744; 9073, 27 Nov.; 9092, 17 Dec.
  
• 59.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 53–4.
  
• 60. M. Berlinskii,
  Kratkoe opisanie Kieva
  (SPb, 1820), 39–41.
  
• 61.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 53. C. was then developing an interest in the Gothic, which here seems to mean simply ‘medieval’.
  
• 62.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 55–6.
  
• 63. For its construction, see Starikova, doc. 519, pp. 551–86.
  
• 64. The phrase ‘theatres of piety’ is John Adamson’s: see ‘Making of the ancien-regime Court’, in
  Princely Courts of Europe
  , ed. Adamson, 24–7.
  
• 65. S. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual at the Russian Court’, in
  Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe
  , ed. M. Schaich (Oxford, 2007), 229–30.
  
• 66.
  KfZh
  (1744), 91–3, 103–12.
  
• 67. On 15 Dec.:
  KfZh
  (1744), 24.
  
• 68. Bespiatykh,
  Peterburg Anny Ioannovny
  , 140 (C. R. Berch).
  
• 69. Starikova, doc. 265 (servants’ accommodation); docs 970–6 (merry-go-round).
  
• 70.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 214
  
• 71.
  KfZh
  (1745), 1, 153–4.
  
• 72. Bil’basov, i: 145, n. 2;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 213 (216).
  
• 73.
  KfZh
  (1745), 2–10.
  
• 74. P. Keenan, ‘Creating a “public” in St Petersburg, 1703–1761’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2005, 107–9.
  
• 75.
  KfZh
  (1744), 1 and
  passim
  , refers to him throughout as Prince August.
  
• 76.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 218; Keenan, ‘Creating a “public”’, 108.
  
• 77. For French celebrations, see e.g. the earlier
  Description des festes données par la ville de Paris: à l’occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d’Espagne, les vingt-neuviéme & trentiéme août mil sept cent trente-neuf
  (Paris, 1740).
  
• 78. Starikova, doc. 754.
  
• 79.
  PSZ
  , xii: 9123–4, 16 Mar. 1745.
  
• 80.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 227, 63, 67.
  
• 81.
  KfZh
  (1745), 27 (9 May); 29–32.
  
• 82.
  KfZh
  (1745), 39–42 (39); 43.
  
• 83.
  KfZh
  (1745), 36–7.
  
• 84. See, in particular,
  PSZ
  , xii: 9136–40; 9144–7; 9149; 9154–6; 9174.
  
• 85. Bil’basov, i: 164, n. 1, 166, 168.
  
• 86.
  KfZh
  (1745), 187, 51.
  
• 87.
  KfZh
  (1745), 51;
  SIRIO,
  cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745.
  
• 88. Bil’basov, i: 167–70.
  
• 89.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 67.
  
• 90.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 68.
  
• 91. My account of the wedding celebrations relies on
  KfZh
  (1745), 52–92 (52–60), and on Santi’s order of ceremonies, ibid., 187–222 (195).
  
• 92. Poroshin, 24, 1 Oct. 1764. Naryshkin’s empty landau was between Prince Aleksei Golitsyn and Count Efim Raguzinskii in the procession; Panin’s carriage, also empty, was further forward:
  KfZh
  (1745), 55. See 194, 223–9, for an indicative list of the empty carriages.
  
• 93. L. Kirillova,
  Moskovskii Kreml’: Starinnye ekipazhi
  (M, 1999), 10, 17 and
  passim
  .
  
• 94.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 50–2. See also
  KfZh
  (1745), 200.
  
• 95.
  KfZh
  (1745), 193.
  
• 96.
  SIRIO
  , cii: 321, Hyndford to Harrington, 24 Aug. 1745.
  
• 97. Chudinova,
  Penie
  , 33;
  KfZh
  (1737), 22–3, 32; victory days listed at
  PSZ
  , ix: 6832, 29 Oct. 1735.
  
• 98.
  KfZh
  (1745), 187–8.
  
• 99.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 53–4;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 68; Bil’basov, i: 171–2.
  
• 100.
  KfZh
  (1745), 62;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 69.
  
• 101.
  KfZh
  (1745), 64–70.
  
• 102. Quoted by N. V. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy “k sluchaiu”: Nastol’nye ukrasheniia XVIII veka’, in
  Razvlekatel’naia kul’tura Rossii XVIII–XIX vv.
  , ed. E. V. Dukov (SPb, 2000), 161–2.
  KfZh
  (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles.
  
• 103.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 64;
  KfZh
  (1745), 77–8, 80;
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 73–4.
  
• 104. S. Sadie, ed.,
  The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
  (London, 1992), iv: 269–70;
  MP
  , i: 144–6 (Bonecchi); Starikova, doc. 32 (programme and synopsis); Mooser, i: 219–20;
  KfZh
  (1745), 75.
  
• 105.
  Zapiski Shtelina
  , i: 248; Rovinskii,
  Obozrenie ikonopisaniia
  , 237–8.
  
• 106. The impressive analysis of C’s approach to sexuality in Greenleaf, ‘Performing Autobiography’ may well exaggerate the empress’s literary sophistication.
  
• 107.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 66.
  
• 108.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 69.
  
• 109.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 80, 82.
  
• 110. G. V. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki ob obrazovanii budushchego imperatora Petra III’,
  Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 2003 goda
  (M, 2004), 131–48 (135).
  
• 111. Rulhière, 19–20.
  
• 112.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 199.
  
• 113. O. A. Ivanov,
  Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta
  (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.’s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the passages on Peter.
  
• 114. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki’, 144.
  
• 115. Shtelin,
  Zapiski
  , 74–5, 79.