Catherine the Great (63 page)

• 89. Shtelin,
  Muzyka
  , 218–9, para. 63;
  MP
  , i: 228; Poroshin, 347, 26 Nov. 1765.
  
• 90. On the proliferation of such spectacles, see H. Watanabe O’Kelly,
  Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 1560–1730
  (Berlin, 1992).
  
• 91. Poroshin, 157, 12 Jan. 1765; 225, 11 July.
  
• 92. E. S. Shchukina,
  Dva veka russkoi medali
  (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva,
  Mikhailo Makhaev
  , 221–3.
  
• 93. A. Cross, ‘Professor Thomas Newberry’s Letter from St Petersburg, 1766, on the Grand Carousel and Other Matters’,
  SEER
  , 76 (1998), 490–2. On the literary context of the carousel, V. Proskurina,
  Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast’ v epokhu Ekateriny II
  (M, 2006), 11–19.
  
• 94.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu,
  47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79.
  
• 95. Poroshin, 18, 27 Sept. 1764; Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, 121–2.
  
• 96.
  PSZ
  , xvi: 11, 631, 3 Aug. 1762.
  
• 97. N. D. Chechulin,
  Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II
  (SPb, 1906), 281–3 (283).
  
• 98. Beales,
  Joseph II
  , 157–8.
  
• 99. For detailed references to this section, see my ‘Religious Ritual at the Eighteenth-Century Russian Court’, in
  Monarchy and Religion
  , ed. M. Schaich, 217–48.
  
• 100. Poroshin, 6 Jan. 1765; 9, 12 Jan. (illness); 371, 6 Jan. 1766.
  
• 101. P. Klimov, ed.,
  Religioznyi Peterburg
  (SPb, 2004), 73–87; Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 226–7.
  
• 102. Poroshin, 336, 13 Nov. 1765; Shtelin,
  Muzyka
  , 55, 57–8, paras 6–7.
  
• 103. Bil’basov, ii: 156–8; Wortman,
  Scenarios
  , 120–1; K. A. Papmehl,
  Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 1737–1812)
  (Newtonville MA, 1983), 8–9.
  
• 104. Bil’basov, ii: 165–7;
  KfZh
  (1763), 86–107, ‘Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov’.
  
• 105. N. I. Zav’ialova, ‘Usad’ba Taininskoe: Istoriia Dvortsovaia ostrova i nekotorye problemy ego sokhraneniia’,
  Russkaia usad’ba
  , 7 (2001), 306–23, photo at p. 315.
  
• 106.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 287, C. to Panin, 22 May 1763.
  
• 107. Ibid., 288, same to same, May 1763; J. Hartley, ‘Philanthropy in the Reign of Catherine the Great’, in Bartlett and Hartley, eds.,
  Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment
  , 176.
  
• 108.
  SIRIO
  , vii: 288, C. to Panin, undated.
  
• 109.
  KfZh
  (1763), 172–3; Klimov, ed.,
  Religioznyi Peterburg
  , 74–5.
  
• 110. Papmehl,
  Metropolitan Platon
  , 13, quoting Poroshin.
  
• 111. P. Bushkovitch, ‘The Clergy at the Russian Court, 1689–1796’, in
  Monarchy and Religion
  , ed. Schaich, 124, quoting Poroshin.
  
• 112. Papmehl,
  Metropolitan Platon
  , 10–11. The examination was on 12 Sept. following a private ‘rehearsal’ four days earlier.
  
• 113. Richardson, 225.
  
• 114. See E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, ‘20 September 1765: Tsesarevich Paul’s Eleventh Birthday and Father Platon’s “Sermon on Learning”’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 163–71.
  
• 115. Best, D17844, 1 Aug. 1772 NS.
  
• 116. Quoted in G. MacDonogh,
  Frederick the Great
  (London, 1999), 116.
  
• 117.
  SIRIO
  , i: 272, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 17 May 1765.
  
• 118. Best. D13032, C. to Voltaire, 28 Nov. 1765; Wilson,
  Diderot
  , 466–7.
  
• 119. Best. D13433, C. to Voltaire, 9 July 1766; Madariaga,
  Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russia
  (London, 1998), 215–35.
  
• 120. Quoted in W. Sunderland,
  Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe
  (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 79–80.
  
• 121. R. Bartlett, ‘The Free Economic Society: The Foundation Years and the Prize Essay Competition of 1766 on Peasant Property’, in
  Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklärung, Pragmatismus
  , eds. E. Hübner, J. Kusber, P. Nitsche (Cologne, 1998), 181–3, 186, 197. The extent of Voltaire’s involvement is revealed by V. A. Somov, ‘Dva otveta Vol’tera na peterburgskom konkurse o krest’ianskoi sobstvennosti’, in
  Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii
  , ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2004), 150–65.
  
• 122. Ransel,
  Mothers of Misery
  , 45.
  
• 123. Shcherbatov, 251, 253.
  
• 124.
  SIRIO
  i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.
  

Chapter 7

• 1.
  SIRIO
  , clxi: 73, Bausset to Praslin, 9 May 1766; 73, Rossignol to Louis XV, 13 May; 83, Bausset to Choiseul, 27 May.
  
• 2. Bentham, ii: 124, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 3 June 1778.
  
• 3. Quoted in Madariaga, 151.
  
• 4.
  SIRIO,
  i: 268–9, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.
  
• 5. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 185–6.
  
• 6.
  Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the
  Instruction
  of 1767 in the English text of 1768
  , ed. W. F. Reddaway (Cambridge, 1931), 284, art. 457.
  
• 7. On the elections, see Madariaga, 140–9.
  
• 8. Best. D14091, C. to Voltaire, 26 Mar. 1767.
  
• 9. Poroshin, 239, 29 July 1765; 251, 10 Aug.
  
• 10. G. V. Ibneeva,
  Puteshestviia Ekateriny II: Opyt ‘osvoeniia’ imperskogo prostranstva
  (Kazan’, 2006), 80; Bessarabova, 58, 43; Kutepov,
  Tsarskaia okhota
  , 70–1.
  
• 11. A. V. Gorbunova, ‘Triumfal’nye vorota Tverskoi gubernii vo II polovine XVIII v.’, in
  Russkaia kul’tura XVII–XX vv.
  , 3 (Tver’, 2005), 30–2.
  
• 12. [I. I. Stafengagen],
  Geograficheskoe opisanie reki Volgi ot Tveri do Dmitrevska dlia puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva po onoi reke
  (St Petersburg, n.d. [1767]), unpaginated,
  SK
  , 6847. The Academy also prepared more detailed maps.
  
• 13. D. Ostrowski, ‘The Assembly of the Land (
  Zemskii sobor
  ) as a representative institution’, in
  Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and social change in seventeenth-century Russia
  , eds. J. Kotilaine
  and M. Poe (London 2004), 117–42, suggests that these assemblies were adapted from the Tatar khanates’
  quriltai
  .
  
• 14.
  SIRIO
  , x: 180, C. to Bielke, 28 Apr. 1767; Falconet, 14, C. to Falconet, 27 Mar.
  
• 15.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 47, 19 July 1766; 48, 6 Aug.
  
• 16. Falconet, 5, C. to Falconet, 18 Feb. 1767.
  
• 17.
  KfZh
  (1767), 42–87.
  
• 18.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 56, 24 Apr. 1767.
  
• 19.
  KfZh
  (1767), 83.
  
• 20.
  Slovo o dushe zakonov v publichnom sobranii Imperatorskago Moskovskago Universiteta Aprelia 23. dnia, 1767. goda govorennoe Iogannom Matfiem Shadenom
  (M, 1767).
  
• 21.
  KfZh
  (1767), 92;
  SIRIO
  , x: 183, C. to Panin, 30 Apr. 1767.
  
• 22. Ibid., 186, C. to Panin, 3 May 1767; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 26;
  KfZh
  (1767), 98–101.
  
• 23.
  KfZh
  (1767), 103–6;
  SIRIO
  , xlii: 353, C. to Paul, 5 May 1767.
  
• 24. Alexander, 105.
  
• 25. Quoted in V. M Zhivov,
  Razyskaniia v oblasti istorii i predistorii russkoi kul’tury
  (M, 2002), 449.
  
• 26.
  Sochineniia
  , v: 1–29; Ibneeva,
  Puteshestviia Ekateriny
  , 220–9; F.-X. Coquin, ‘Un inédit de Marmontel: épître à Sa Majesté Catherine II’, in
  La France et les français à Saint-Petersbourg XVIII–XIX siècles
  (SPb, 2005), 11–25.
  
• 27.
  SIRIO
  , x: 187, C. to Marmontel, 7 May 1767.
  
• 28.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 59, 8 May 1767.
  
• 29.
  KfZh
  (1767), 123–5; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 30–3; W. Daniel, ‘Conflict between Economic Vision and Economic Reality: The Case of M. M. Shcherbatov’,
  SEER
  , 67 (1989), 60–4.
  
• 30.
  KfZh
  (1767), 129–30.
  
• 31.
  SIRIO
  , x: 190, C. to Panin, 13 May 1767. The 51 nobles presented on 10 May are listed at
  KfZh
  (1767), 394–6.
  
• 32. I. Syrtsov,
  Arkhipastyri kostromskoi eparkhii za 150 let eia sushchestvovaniia (1745–1898 gg.)
  (Kostroma, 1898), 16–19, 21–2;
  KfZh
  (1767), 137, 147; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.
  
• 33.
  KfZh
  (1767), 137–47; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 35.
  
• 34. G. V. Lukomskii,
  Kostroma: Istoricheskii ocherk
  (SPb, 1913), 171–2.
  KfZh
  (1767), 139, says that a new tsar’s place was built.
  
• 35. L. I. Zoziula and E. G. Shcheboleva, ‘Ekaterina v usad’be Kniazei Kozlovskikh’, in
  Mir russkoi usad’by
  , ed. L. V. Ivanova (M, 1995), 141–2;
  KfZh
  (1767), 148–51, Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 37;
  SIRIO
  , xlii: 354, C. to Paul, 18 May 1767.
  
• 36. Alexander, 108.
  
• 37. See
  AKV
  , xxxiv: 32–5, for the case of the Pyskorskii monastery in the 1750s.
  
• 38. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 38.
  
• 39.
  SIRIO
  , x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767;
  KfZh
  (1767), 155–6; [Arkhimandrit Feodosii]
  , Istoricheskoe opisanie Feodorovskago monastyria
  (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1890), 20–1, 33–4.
  
• 40.
  SIRIO
  , x: 199–200, C. to Dimtrii, 22 May 1767.
  
• 41. D. Mackenzie Wallace,
  Russia
  (London, 1912 edn.), 304. Ibneeva,
  Puteshestvie Ekateriny
  , 87–110, has significant new material on the schism.
  
• 42.
  SIRIO
  , x: 201, C. to Panin, 22 May 1767. cf. Chappe d’Auteroche,
  Voyage en Sibérie
  , ed. Mervaud, ii: 275: ‘La ville est aussi désagréable par la façon dont elle est batie, qu’agréable par sa situation.’
  
• 43. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 39–40.
  
• 44.
  KfZh
  (1767), 158–68.
  
• 45.
  SIRIO
  , x: 192–3; Cross, 74–9 (77).
  
• 46. V. N. Pinunirov, N. M. Raskin,
  Ivan Petrovich Kulibin 1735–1818
  (Leningrad, 1986), 30–45.
  
• 47.
  KfZh
  (1767), 145.
  
• 48. P. W. Werth, ‘Armed Defiance and Biblical Appropriation: Assimilation and the Transformation of Mordvin Resistance, 1740–1814’,
  Nationalities Papers
  , 27 (1999), 249–55;
  idem
  ,
  At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905
  (Ithaca, NY, 2002), 22–35.
  
• 49.
  KfZh
  (1767), 170–2;
  SIRIO
  , x: 202, 207, C. to Panin, 25 May and 3 June 1767.
  
• 50.
  RA
  (1870), nos. 4–5, 758–63, C. to I. I. Melissino, 24 May and 4 June 1767.
  
• 51.
  Pis’ma Ekateriny II k Adamu Vasil’evichu Olsuf’evu, 1762–1783
  (M, 1863), 81, 30 May 1767.
  
• 52. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Julius von Canitz and the Kazan’
  Gimnazii
  in the Eighteenth Century’,
  CASS
  , 14 (1980), 343–4, 358–9; Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 44.
  
• 53. N. D. Chechulin,
  Russkoe provintsial’noe obshchestvo
  (SPb, 1889), 27–34, 60–2, remains the only general study.
  
• 54. Orlov, ‘Dnevnik’, 43.
  
• 55.
  KfZh
  (1767), 185, 191, 193.
  
• 56. Best. D14219, C. to Voltaire, 29 May 1767.
  
• 57.
  Geograficheskoe opisanie
  , n.p.
  
• 58. Quoted in Bartlett,
  Human Capital
  , 94.
  
• 59.
  KfZh
  (1767), 231.
  
• 60. Ibid., 231–2.
  
• 61. Maikov,
  Izbrannye proizvedeniia
  , 292–5;
  SIRIO
  , x: 221–34.
  
• 62.
  Pis’ma Saltykovu,
  47, 1 July 1766; 49, 10 Aug., 1 Sept.; (54), 29 Dec.; 59–60, 30 May 1767;
  KfZh
  (1767), 259.
  
• 63.
  KfZh
  (1767), 233–4, 262.
  
• 64. Ibid., 234–5, 266; E. N. Savinova, ‘Dvortsovaia votchina Pakhrino XVII–seredina XIX v.’,
  Russkaia usad’ba
  , 7 (2001), 296, 301.
  
• 65. V. O. Vitt,
  Iz istorii russkogo konnozavodtsva: Sozdanie novykh porod loshadei na rubezhe XVIII–XIX stoletii
  (M, 1952), 16.
  
• 66. Kutepov,
  Tsarskaia okhota
  , 71, 94–5.
  
• 67.
  KfZh
  (1767), 247–55, esp. 253.
  
• 68. Ibid., 273–6; Alexander, 112–3; Omel’chenko, 114–5.
  
• 69. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.
  
• 70. W. G. Jones, ‘The Spirit of the
  Nakaz
  : Catherine II’s Literary Debt to Montesquieu’,
  SEER
  , 76 (1998), 662.
  
• 71. P. Dukes,
  Catherine the Great and the Russian Nobility
  (Cambridge, 1967), 80.
  
• 72. Dixon, ‘Posthumous Reputation’, 673; Diderot, ‘Observations sur le
  Nakaz
  ’, in
  Oeuvres
  , ed. L. Versini (Paris, 1995), iii: 537, para. 57.
  
• 73. Madariaga,
  Politics and Culture
  , 231, 235–61; Ransel,
  Politics
  , 178–84.
  
• 74. Madariaga, 156, 158–9, 554.
  
• 75. This point was echoed in Maikov’s ‘Ode on the occasion of the election of deputies to compose a new Code of Laws in 1767’,
  Izbrannye sochineniia
  , 201, stanza 12.
  
• 76.
  Documents of Catherine the Great
  , ed. Reddaway, arts. 156, 123, 222, 240, 245, 265.
  
• 77.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 304–5, Shirley to Conway, 13/24 Aug. 1767.
  
• 78. Ibid., 307.
  
• 79. Madariaga, 161–2, 166.
  
• 80. Omel’chenko, 134.
  
• 81. Madariaga, 165. Phil Withington generously discussed this point with me.
  
• 82. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire,
  c
  . 22 Dec. 1767.
  
• 83.
  SIRIO
  , x: 216; Madariaga,
  Politics and Culture
  , 137–43; D. Beales, ‘Joseph II, petitions and the public sphere’, in
  Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century
  , eds. H. Scott and B. Simms (Cambridge, 2007), 257.
  
• 84. O. A. Ivanov,
  Graf Aleksei Grigor’evich Orlov-Chesmenskii v Moskve
  (M, 2002), 33–40;
  SIRIO
  , xii: 302, Shirley to Conway, 28 May 1767;
  KfZh
  (1767), 375–6.
  
• 85.
  KfZh
  (1767), 367–8.
  
• 86. Falconet, 25, C. to Falconet, 12 Oct. 1767.
  
• 87. Omel’chenko, 118–24.
  
• 88.
  KfZh
  (1768), 20–2, 32;
  SIRIO
  , x: 277, 279, C. to Panin, 24, 27, 28 Jan. 1768.
  
• 89. C. Burney,
  A General History of Music from the Earliest Ages to the Present Period
  , 4 vols. (London, 1789), iv: 540.
  
• 90.
  KfZh
  (1768), 74–8; Shtelin,
  Muzyka
  , 57–9, 234.
  MP
  , i: 231–2, has the date wrong.
  
• 91.
  KfZh
  (1768), 80–1. Betskoy was also promoted: see N. N. Bantysh-Kamenskii,
  Spiski kavalerov Rossiiskikh Imperatorskikh ordenov
  (M, 2006 edn.), 90.
  
• 92.
  SIRIO
  , xxxvi: 139, Solms to Frederick, 22 Feb. 1768.
  
• 93.
  SIRIO
  , x: 282–3, C. to Saltykov, 6 Mar. 1768.
  
• 94.
  KfZh
  (1768), 36, 54, 70.
  
• 95. See, for example, Poroshin, 313, 19 Oct. 1765.
  
• 96.
  SIRIO
  , x: C. to Elagin, 5 May 1768.
  
• 97.
  KfZh
  (1768), 83–4, 87–8, 96, 99–104;
  Pis’ma Saltykovu
  , 69, 31 May 1768.
  
• 98.
  SIRIO
  , x: 295, C. to Panin, 8 June 1768.
  
• 99.
  PSZ
  , xviii: 13,066, 19 Jan. 1768.
  
• 100. Falconet, 59, C. to Falconet, 14 July 1768.
  
• 101.
  Religioznyi Peterburg
  , ed. Klimov, 128–31; Iu. I. Kitner, ‘Kistorii stroitel’stva tserkvi Isaakiia Dalmatskogo v Peterburge’,
  PKNO
  , 1993 (M, 1994), 449–53; A. Buccaro, et al,
  Antonio Rinaldi: architetto vanvitelliano a San Pietroburgo
  (Milan, 2003), 74–6, 122–5.
  
• 102.
  KfZh
  (1768), 132–8; (1769), 9, 7 Jan.; Falconet, 63–4, C. to Falconet, 17 July 1768; A. E. Ukhnalev,
  Mramornyi dvorets v Sankt-Peterburge: Vek vosemnadtsatyi
  (SPb, 2002).
  
• 103. Richardson, 16–17.
  
• 104.
  KfZh
  (1768), 154, 156–67.
  
• 105. Richardson, 19. [Platon],
  Pouchitel’nye slova pri Vysochaishem Dvore Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva…s 1763 goda po 1780 god
  (M, 1780), ii: 183–4, 189.
  
• 106. A. Cross, ‘8 August 1768: The Laying of the Foundation Stone of Rinaldi’s St Isaac’s Cathedral’, in
  Days from the Reigns
  , ed. Cross, ii: 178, 184.
  
• 107. Quoted in A. M. Schenker,
  The Bronze Horseman: Falconet’s Monument to Peter the Great
  (New Haven, CT, 2003), 102.
  
• 108. Falconet, 48, Falconet to C., 13 June 1768.
  
• 109. Ibid., 52, C. to Falconet, 14 June 1768.
  
• 110. Ibid., 56–7, C. to Falconet, 1 July 1768.
  
• 111. Schenker,
  Bronze Horseman
  , 114–5.
  
• 112.
  SIRIO
  , xii: 360, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1767.
  
• 113. Madariaga, 167–78.
  
• 114.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 617.
  
• 115. Best. D14611, C. to Voltaire,
  c
  . 22 Dec. 1767.
  
• 116.
  Sochineniia
  , xii: 170.
  
• 117. Madariaga, 170–83; Ransel,
  Politics
  , 186–90; W. R. Augustine, ‘Notes toward a Portrait of the Eighteenth-Century Nobility’,
  Canadian Slavic Studies
  , 4 (1970).
  
• 118. L. Hughes, ‘Seeing the Sights in Eighteenth-Century Russia: the Moscow Kremlin’, in
  Eighteenth-Century Russia: Society, Culture, Economy
  , eds. R. Bartlett and G. Lehmann-Carli (Münster, 2007), 326.
  
• 119. Richardson, 76; Madariaga, 168, 203–4.