Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (69 page)

173
‘The Call to the Empire’,
The Times
, 26 Sept. 1922.

174
J. C. Smuts to WSC, 13 Oct. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 2086.

175
W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 17 Sept. 1922.

176
Ibid., 4 Oct. 1922.

177
‘The Spotlight: Winston Churchill’,
Toronto Daily Star
, 22 Sept. 1922.

178
WSC to J. C. Robertson, 27 Oct. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 2095.

179
‘The Near East: Pronouncement by Mr Bonar Law’,
The Times
, 7 Oct. 1922.

180
WSC,
The Second World War
, vol. I:
The Gathering Storm
[first published by Cassell, London, 1948], CW, vol. XXII, p. 14.

181
Cecil Harmsworth diary, 19 Oct. 1922, Cecil Harmsworth Papers.

182
‘Dominions and Elections’,
The Times
, 20 Nov. 1922.

183
Mackenzie King diary, 19 Oct. 1922.

184
‘Dominions and Elections’,
The Times
, 20 Nov. 1922.

185
John Ramsden,
Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945
, HarperCollins, London, 2002, p. 438.

186
Mackenzie King diary, 26 Jan. 1923.

187
Quoted in Vaidehi Ramanathan, ‘Gandhi, Non-Cooperation, and Socio-civic Education in Gujarat, India: Harnessing the Vernaculars’,
Journal of Language, Identity & Education
, 5 (2006), pp. 229–50, at 237.

188
WSC to Curzon, note passed in Cabinet, 4 July 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1543.

6. DIEHARD

1
H. G. Wells, ‘The Future of the British Empire’,
Empire Review
, 38 (1923), pp. 1071–9. Quotation at p. 1078.

2
Winston Churchill, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’,
Empire Review
, 38 (1923), pp. 1217–23. Quotations at p. 1218.

3
H. G. Wells, ‘Winston’, 10 Nov. 1923, in
A Year of Prophesying
(T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1924), pp. 52–6. Quotation at p. 54. This article was originally published in the
Westminster Gazette
.

4
David C. Smith, ‘Winston Churchill and H. G. Wells: Edwardians in the Twentieth Century’,
Cahiers Victoriens et Edouardien
, 30 (1989), pp. 93–116, at 104.

5
H. G. Wells, ‘An Open Letter to an Elector in N.W. Manchester’,
Daily News
, 21 April 1908; WSC to H. G. Wells, 16 April 1908, H. G. Wells Papers, C-238–1.

6
WSC, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’, pp. 1218, 1221.

7
Wells, ‘Winston’, p. 54.

8
WSC, ‘Mr H. G. Wells and the British Empire’, p. 1223.

9
Lord Derby diary, 25 Oct. 1922 (copy), Randolph Churchill Papers, 3/6/1/5.

10
Speech of 16 Nov. 1923.

11
Speech of 17 Nov. 1923.

12
WSC to Stanley Baldwin, 7 March 1924, CV V, part 1, p. 119.

13
Speech of 18 March 1924, quoted in Martin Gilbert,
Winston S. Churchill
, vol. V:
1922–1939
, Heinemann, London, 1976, p. 36.

14
‘Westminster Election News’, 2 (March 1924), Edward Spears Papers, 1/76. This was a Labour Party publication.

15
W. L. Mackenzie King diary, 7 Nov. 1924.

16
Speech of 25 Sept. 1924.

17
Gertrude Bell to Hugh Bell, 8 April 1925, Gertrude Bell online archive.

18
John Barnes and David Nicholson (eds.),
The Leo Amery Diaries
, vol. I:
1896–1929
, Hutchinson, London, 1980, p. 423 (entry for 19 Oct. 1925).

19
See, for example, the letters in the Stanley Baldwin Papers from Amery to Baldwin of 28 Jan. 1926 (vol. 92, ff. 196–9), 27 Feb. 1926 (vol. 96, ff. 108–10), 29 March 1926 (vol. 93, ff. 244–5), 11 April 1927 (vol. 94, ff. 69–70) and 26 Nov. 1928 (vol. 97, ff. 19–20).

20
Leo Amery to Baldwin, 10 April 1927, Leo Amery Papers, 2/1/13.

21
WSC to Amery, 30 April 1927, CV V, part 1, p. 995.

22
Amery to J. C. Smuts, 26 June 1929, Leo Amery Papers, 2/2/24.

23
Churchill did, in fact, impose a range of new duties, bringing him criticism from free traders; but there was no general tariff, nor was there protection for the all-important iron and steel industry. See Paul Addison,
Churchill on the Home Front, 1900–1955
, Pimlico, London, 1993 (first published by Jonathan Cape, 1992), p. 274.

24
WSC to Worthington-Evans, 14 July 1928, Laming Worthington-Evans Papers, MSS. Eng. Hist. c.896, ff. 25–6.

25
Stephen Constantine,
The Making of British Colonial Development Policy, 1914–1940
, Frank Cass, London, 1984, pp. 138–58.

26
Speech of 28 April 1925.

27
Martin Daunton,
Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, p. 135.

28
This assumption is questionable given, for example, the popularity of the British Empire Exhibition held at Wembley in 1924–5. See, however, Bernard Porter,
The Absent-Minded Imperialists: Empire, Society, and Culture in Britain
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004, pp. 265–6.

29
‘Imperial Conference, 1926: Summary of Proceedings’, Cmd. 2768, 1926, p. 14.

30
Speech of 3 Jan. 1927.

31
Baldwin to Lord Irwin, 25 Feb. 1929, in Philip Williamson and Edward Baldwin (eds.),
Baldwin Papers: A Conservative Statesman, 1908–1947
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, p. 214.

32
Lord Irwin to Stanley Baldwin, 28 March 1929, CV V, part 2, p. 1452.

33
WSC, draft memoirs, CV V, part 1, p. 1431.

34
Amery to Neville Chamberlain, 4 May 1929, Leo Amery Papers, 2/3/6.

35
In the words of Clement Attlee (as recalled by Harold Wilson in 1983): ‘Trouble with Winston: nails his trousers to the mast. Can’t climb down.’ Quoted in Matthew Parris and Phil Mason,
Read My Lips: A Treasury of Things Politicians Wish They Hadn’t Said
, Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1997 (first published 1996), p. 13.

36
Speech of 26 July 1929.

37
WSC, draft memoirs, CV V, part 2, pp. 25–6.

38
Mackenzie King diary, 15 Aug. 1929.

39
‘The Goal in India’,
The Times
, 1 Nov. 1929.

40
Samuel Hoare to Irwin, 13 Nov. 1929, CV V part 2, p. 111.

41
‘The Peril in India’,
Daily Mail
, 16 Nov. 1929, reproduced with the title ‘Dominion Status’, in WSC,
India: Speeches and an Introduction
, Thornton Butterworth, London, 1931, pp. 29–35, quotations at 34–5.

42
‘Joint Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform (Session 1932–33)’, vol. I, HMSO, London, 1933, p. 1777.

43
Speech of 30 Jan. 1931.

44
Broadcast of 30 Jan. 1935, CV V, part 2, p. 1055.

45
Speech of 11 Dec. 1930.

46
WSC to Lord Linlithgow, 7 May 1933, CV V, part 2, pp. 595–6.

47
See, for example, Baldwin’s remarks in Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 249, 12 March 1931, cols. 1423–4.

48
WSC,
India
, p.5.

49
Ibid., p. 7.

50
WSC to Edwin Montagu, 8 Oct. 1921, CV IV, part 3, p. 1644. In his reply of 12 October Montagu stated that the ‘accepted policy of HM’s Government is the achievement in due course by India of Dominion status, and I have never understood that you were an opponent of this’; on the contrary he had believed Churchill approved of it (ibid., p. 1650).

51
John Julius Norwich (ed.),
The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, p. 133 (entry for 4 Nov. 1920).

52
Minutes of a conference of ministers, 9 Feb. 1922, CV IV, part 3, p. 1763.

53
Churchill’s speech of 15 June 1921 quoted by Irwin: ‘India’s Debt To Britain’,
The Times
, 20 July 1931.

54
Neville Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 18 June 1921, in Robert Self (ed.),
The Neville Chamberlain Diary Letters
, vol. II:
The Reform Years, 1921–1927
, Ashgate, Aldershot, 2000, p. 65. Unfortunately, Chamberlain did not record Sastri’s precise words.

55
WSC to Baldwin, 24 Sept. 1930, CV V, part 2, p. 186.

56
‘Editor’s introduction’ in Mrinalini Sinha (ed.),
Katherine Mayo: Selections from ‘Mother India’
, Kali for Women, New Delhi, 1998, pp. 1–64; Katherine Mayo,
Mother India
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1927, p. 38.

57
Victor Cazalet diary, 10 Aug. 1927, in Robert Rhodes James,
Victor Cazalet: A Portrait
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1976, p. 120.

58
Roger Keyes to WSC, 23 March 1931 and WSC to Katherine Mayo, 9 March 1935, CV V, part 2, pp. 309, 1111.

59
Speech of 18 March 1931.

60
His most prominent Muslim supporter was Waris Ameer Ali, a former judge who lived in London after his retirement in 1929 and who served on the Council of the Indian Empire Society.