Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (72 page)

43
German medium-wave broadcast, in English for England, 22.15 BST, 5 June 1940, in Daily Digest of Foreign Broadcasts, 6 June 1940, BBC Written Archives.

44
Speech of 18 June 1940.

45
Broadcast of 14 July 1940. For the reaction, see ‘Australian Tribute’ and ‘Call to New Zealand’,
Irish Times
, 16 July 1940.

46
Speech of 20 Aug. 1940.

47
Speech of 9 Oct. 1940.

48
Nelson Mandela,
Long Walk to Freedom
, Abacus, London, 1995 (first published 1994), p. 58.

49
Ashley Jackson,
The British Empire and the Second World War
, Hambledon Continuum, London, 2006, p. 26.

50
Daily Telegraph
, 20 Oct. 1950, quoted in R. Palme Dutt,
The Crisis of Britain and the British Empire
, Lawrence & Wishart, London, 1957, pp. 35–6. A variant retelling can be found in Lord Halifax,
Fulness of Days
, Collins, London, 1957, p. 273.

51
WSC, note of 27 May 1940, CWP, vol. II, p. 162.

52
Reynolds,
In Command of History
, p. 189; WSC to Peter Fraser and Robert Menzies, 11 Aug. 1940, in WSC
The Second World War
, vol. II:
Their Finest Hour
, CW XXIII [first published by Cassell, London, 1949], p. 281; David Day,
The Politics of War
, HarperCollins, Sydney, 2003, pp. 71–4.

53
George Orwell, letter to
Partisan Review
, 3 Jan. 1943, in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus (eds.),
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell
, vol. II:
My Country Right or Left, 1940–1943
, Secker & Warburg, London, 1968, p. 280.

54
‘Hitler Re-Tells the Old Story’,
The Times
, 20 July 1940.

55
‘Demoralizing’,
Time
, 8 July 1940.

56
Adolf Hitler,
Mein Kampf
, Hutchinson, London, 1969 (first published in English 1933), p. 601.

57
‘Minutes of the Conference in the Reich Chancellery, Berlin, November 5, 1937’ (the ‘Hossbach Memorandum’),
Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945
, Series D, vol. I:
From Neurath to Ribbentrop (September 1937–September 1938)
, HMSO, London, 1949, p. 33.

58
See Mark Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
, Allen Lane, London, 2008.

59
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 365, 5 Sept. 1940, col. 40.

60
WSC to W. L. Mackenzie King, 5 June 1940, CWP, vol. II, p. 255.

61
Speech of 20 Aug. 1940.

62
Richard B. Moore, ‘The Passing of Churchill and Empire’,
Liberator
, March 1965, in W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (eds.),
Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings, 1920–1972
, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1992, p. 247.

63
See WSC to FDR, 6 March 1941, in Warren F. Kimball (ed.),
Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence
, vol. I:
Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942
, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984, p. 140.

64
War Cabinet minutes, 16 June 1940, at 10.15 a.m., WM (40) 168th, NA, CAB 65/7/63.

65
David Dilks (ed.),
The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan O.M., 1938–1945
, Cassell, London, 1971, p. 305 (entry for 20 June 1940).

66
War Cabinet minutes, 20 June 1940, WM (40) 173rd, NA, CAB 65/7/68.

67
Brian Girvin,
The Emergency: Neutral Ireland, 1939–45
, Macmillan, 2006, pp. 133–5.

68
WSC to FDR, 5 July 1940 (unsent draft), in Kimball,
Complete Correspondence
, vol. I, p. 54.

69
Jim Phelan,
Churchill Can Unite Ireland
, Victor Gollancz, London, 1940.

70
John Maffey to Lord Caldecote, 16 July 1940, NA, DO 130/12.

71
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 365, 5 Nov. 1940, col. 1243.

72
‘Extracts from the British press following Mr Churchill’s reference to the Irish Ports on 5 November 1940’, National Archives of Ireland, DFA 2002/19/527.

73
Edward Corse, ‘British Propaganda in Neutral Eire after the Fall of France, 1940’,
Contemporary British History
, 22 (2008), pp. 163–80, at 166–7; Girvin,
Emergency
, pp. 169–70.

74
Joseph Walshe to Eamon De Valera, 13 Nov. 1940, National Archives of Ireland, DFA A/82, quoted in Girvin,
Emergency
, p. 171.

75
WSC,
Gathering Storm
, p. 174.

76
‘Conscription Issue’, 22 May 1941, National Archives of Ireland, DFA P70.

77
Colville,
Fringes of Power
, p. 237 (entry for 1 Sept. 1940).

78
Lustige Blätte
, 15 Nov. 1940, copy at
http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/
(consulted 15 Aug. 2008).

79
A. W. Martin and Patsy Hardy (eds.),
Dark and Hurrying Days: Menzies’ 1941 Diary
, National Library of Australia, Canberra, 1993, pp. 63–4 (entry for 22 Feb. 1941).

80
Andrew Stewart,
Empire Lost: Britain, the Dominions and the Second World War
, Continuum, London, 2008, pp. 44–5.

81
David Day,
Menzies & Churchill at War
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993 (first published 1986), pp. 30–1; WSC to Lord Cranborne, 3 Jan. 1941, CWP, vol. III, p. 15; Menzies to S. M. Bruce, conveying message for WSC, 29 Sept. 1940, and note by Bruce of a conversation with WSC, 2 Oct. 1940, in DAFP, vol. IV, pp. 186, 198–200.

82
Robert Rhodes James (ed.),
‘Chips’: The Diaries of Sir Henry Channon
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1993 (first published 1967), p. 290 (entry for 5 Feb. 1941).

83
Bruce to Menzies, 5 Jan. 1941, DAFP, vol. IV, p. 325.

84
Martin and Hardy,
Dark and Hurrying Days
, p. 64 (entry for 23 Feb. 1941).

85
Dilks,
Cadogan Diaries
, p. 358 (entry for 24 Feb. 1941).

86
Day,
Menzies & Churchill
, p. 84. WSC to Anthony Eden, 7 March 1941, in WSC,
The Second World War
, vol. III:
The Grand Alliance
[first published by Cassell, London, 1950], CW, vol. XXIV, p. 69; and generally, Sheila Lawlor, ‘Greece, March 1941: The Politics of British Military Intervention’,
Historical Journal
, 25 (1982), pp. 933–46.

87
Reynolds,
In Command of History
, p. 232.

88
Martin and Hardy,
Dark and Hurrying Days
, p. 83 (entry for 6 March 1941).

89
Day,
Menzies & Churchill
, p. 191.

90
Dilks,
Cadogan Diaries
, p. 358 (entry for 24 Feb. 1941).

91
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 684 (entry for 18 April 1941).

92
Menzies to A. W. Fadden, 4 March 1941, DAFP, vol. IV, p. 469.

93
Martin and Hardy,
Dark and Hurrying Days
, p. 112 (entry for 14 April 1941).

94
Ibid., pp. 118–19 (entry for 26 April 1941). Emphasis in original.

95
Advisory War Council minute, 28 May 1941, DAFP, vol. IV, p. 685.

96
Menzies to Bruce, 13 Aug. 1941, DAFP, vol. V, p. 71.

97
W. A. Riddell to Secretary of State for External Affairs, 21 Nov. 1941, in
Documents on Canadian External Relations, 1939–1941
, vol. VII, Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, 1974, p. 451.

98
Day,
Menzies & Churchill
, p. 151.

99
Mackenzie King diary, 23 Aug. 1941.

100
Francis Williams,
A Prime Minister Remembers: The War and Post-War Memoirs of Rt. Hon Earl Attlee
, London, Heinemann, 1961, p. 45.

101
Wm. Roger Louis,
Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977, pp. 121–2.

102
Reprinted in ‘Declaration by United Nations’, Cmd. 6388, London, 1942.

103
Robert E. Sherwood,
The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins
, vol. I:
September 1939–January 1942
, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1948, p. 361.

104
Mackenzie King diary, 24 Aug. 1941.

105
See WSC to Clement Attlee, 11 Aug. 1941, CWP, vol. III, p. 1054. Beaverbrook’s effort to take the credit does not seem convincing. For a different view, however, see Kenneth Young,
Churchill and Beaverbrook: A Study in Friendship and Politics
, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London, 1966, pp. 201–2.

106
Mackenzie King diary, 12 Aug. 1941.

107
Reprinted in ‘Declaration by United Nations’.

108
Reginald Dorman-Smith to Leo Amery, 16 Aug. 1941, attached to Leo Amery, ‘Interpretation of Point III of Atlantic Declaration in respect of the British Empire’, WP (G) (41) 85, 29 Aug. 1941, NA, PREM 4/42/9.