Churchill's Empire: The World That Made Him and the World He Made (76 page)

95
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 1018 (entry for 6 Nov. 1944).

96
‘Mr Churchill Eulogizes Old Friend’,
Palestine Post
, 8 Nov. 1944.

97
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 404, 17 Nov. 1944, col. 2242.

98
Yehoshua Porath, ‘Weizmann, Churchill and the “Philby Plan”, 1937–1943’,
Studies in Zionism
, 5 (1984), pp. 239–72.

99
War Cabinet minutes, 2 July 1943, WM (43) 92nd, NA, CAB 195/2.

100
Michael J. Cohen,
Churchill and the Jews
, 2nd edition, Frank Cass, London, 2003, pp. 255–60; Harold B. Hoskins to Paul Alling, 5 March 1945, FRUS, 1945, vol. VIII, p. 690.

101
WSC to Oliver Stanley and the Chiefs of Staff, 1 July 1945, in WSC,
Triumph and Tragedy
, p. 502.

102
Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 404, 17 Nov. 1944, col. 2243.

103
Minute by WSC, 31 Dec. 1944, NA, PREM 4/31/4, quoted in Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p. 433.

104
The account here of the Yalta episode owes much to Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, pp. 458–60.

105
Dennis Angelo Castillo,
The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta
, Praeger Security International, Westport, CT, 2006, pp. 213–14; Douglas Austin,
Churchill and Malta: A Special Relationship
, Spellmount, Stroud, 2006, pp. 160–4.

106
‘Bohlen minutes’, 9 Feb. 1945, in FRUS,
The Conferences at Malta and Yalta
, p. 844.

107
James F. Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1947, p. x.

108
Anthony Eden,
The Reckoning
, Cassell, London, 1965, p. 595.

109
Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
, p. x.

110
Louis,
Imperialism at Bay
, p. 459.

111
War Cabinet minutes, 3 April 1945, WM (45) 38th, NA, CAB 195/2.

112
On the significance of UN pressure see Ronald Hyam,
Britain’s Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonization, 1918–1968
, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006, esp. pp. 93, 304–8.

113
Trefor E. Evans (ed.),
The Killearn Diaries, 1934–1946
, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1972, p. 327 (entry for 17 Feb. 1945).

114
Ibn Saud’s account of the meeting is paraphrased in William A. Eddy to Edward Stettinius, 22 Feb. 1945, FRUS, 1945, vol. VIII, pp. 689–90.

115
Evans,
Killearn Diaries
, pp. 329–30 (entry for 17 Feb. 1945).

116
WSC to Killearn, 28 Jan. 1945, quoted in Gilbert,
Road to Victory
, p. 1053.

117
Amery to WSC, 4 May 1944, TOPI, vol. IV, p. 950; Moon,
Viceroy’s Journal
, p. 78 (entry for 5 June 1944).

118
The letter, of 17 July 1944, read: ‘Dear Prime Minister, You are reported to have the desire to crush the simple “naked fakir” as you are said to have described me. I have been long trying to be a fakir and that naked – a more difficult task. I, therefore, regard the expression as a compliment though unintended. I approach you then as such, and ask you to trust and use me for the sake of your people and mine and through them those of the world. Your sincere friend, M. K. Gandhi’ (MKG,
Collected Works
, 100 vols., Government of India Publications Division, New Delhi, 1960–94, vol. LXXVII, pp. 391–2). It initially miscarried and in September Gandhi asked that it be resent: ‘Though the psychological moment has passed, I attach very great importance to my letter which was written in answer to deep heart-searching’ (MKG to Evan M. Jenkins, 17 Sept. 1944, MKG,
Collected Works
, vol. LXXVIII, p. 109). Wavell wrote of the letter: ‘I think it shows that Gandhi’s mental powers are failing; and it will not improve the prospects of the P.M. approving any negotiations’ (Moon,
Viceroy’s Journal
, p. 91, entry for 21 Sept. 1944). He was certainly right about the latter point.

119
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, pp. 993, 1018 (entries for 4 Aug. and 6 Nov. 1944).

120
WSC to Clementine Churchill, 1 Feb. 1945, in Mary Soames (ed.),
Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill
, Doubleday, London, 1998, p. 512.

121
Walter Layton, ‘Note of talk with Lord Wavell 19th April 1945’, Walter Layton Papers, Box 104/126.

122
Moon,
Viceroy’s Journal
, p. 120 (entry for 29 March 1945).

123
Ibid., p. 127 (entry for 26 April 1945).

124
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 1040 (entry for 30 April 1945).

125
Moon,
Viceroy’s Journal
, p. 134 (entry for 30 May 1945).

126
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 1045n (note of 2 Dec. 1947).

127
WSC to FDR, 13 Nov. 1943, in Warren F. Kimball (ed.),
Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence
, vol. II:
Alliance Forged, November 1942–February 1944
, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984, p. 599.

128
He had earlier written that ‘The removal of Spears at this juncture would destroy the confidence of the Syrians and Lebanese in our resolve to make good the pledges [about independence] into which we and the French jointly entered.’ WSC to Duff Cooper, 17 Aug. 1944, Duff Cooper Papers, 4/3. See also Max Egremont,
Under Two Flags: The Life of Major-General Sir Edward Spears
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1997, pp. 257–62.

129
François Kersaudy,
Churchill and de Gaulle
, Collins, London, 1981, pp. 402–9.

130
John Julius Norwich (ed.),
The Duff Cooper Diaries, 1915–1951
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005, p. 369 (entry for 26 May 1945).

131
‘British Election’,
Washington Post
, 23 May 1945, typed extract in Churchill Papers, CHAR 9/208C, f. 337.

132
Broadcast of 4 June 1945.

133
‘Labour Case for Socialism’,
The Times
, 6 June 1945.

134
Barnes and Nicholson,
Empire at Bay
, p. 1046 (entries for 4 and 5 June 1945).

135
See, for example, F. A. Cooper, ‘Where Labour Has Ruled for 27 Years and They’ve Never Seen a Gestapo Man’,
Reynolds News
, 24 June 1945. This article discussed Queensland, of which Cooper was Premier.

136
John Ramsden,
Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend since 1945
, HarperCollins, London, 2002, esp. pp. 446–7. However, Chifley’s immediate reaction to the speech was a calm one. See ‘Objects to Slur by Mr Churchill’,
Canberra Times
, 6 June 1945.

137
Stuart Ball (ed.),
Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries, 1935–1951
, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, Cambridge, 1999, p. 466 (entry for 2 July 1945).

138
Broadcast of 13 June 1945. On pro-natalism during this period, see John Toye,
Keynes on Population
, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000, pp. 208–13.

139
F. W. S. Craig (ed.),
British General Election Manifestos, 1918–1966
, Political Reference Publications, Chichester, 1970, pp. 88, 105–6.

140
Susan Howson and Donald Moggridge (eds.),
The Collected Papers of James Meade
, vol. IV:
The Cabinet Office Diary, 1944–46
, London, Unwin Hyman, 1990, p. 98 (entry for 25 June 1945); R. F. Harrod,
The Prof: A Personal Memoir of Lord Cherwell
, London, Macmillan, 1959, p. 252.

141
Amery was probably referring here to Rajani Palme Dutt, who stood against him as a Communist, making India a key issue in his campaign. Dutt won fewer than 2,000 votes, not enough to affect the outcome. Amery to WSC, 14 Dec. 1944, IOR/L/PO/11/4, ff. 252–3; ‘Verdict’,
Statesman
, 27 July 1945.

142
‘Empire Views on Election’,
The Times
, 28 July 1945.

143
Mackenzie King diary, 26 July 1945.

144
‘Discussion with Director of British Daily’,
Harijan
, 10 Nov. 1946, in MKG,
Collected Works
, vol. LXXXVI, pp. 50–1.

145
‘Expectations Roused in Political Circles’,
Times of India
, 27 July 1945.

146
Nirad C. Chaudhuri,
Thy Hand, Great Anarch! India: 1921–1952
, Chatto & Windus, London, 1987, p. 755.

147
Nicholas,
Washington Despatches
, pp. 595–6 (28 July 1945).

148
‘Young Bob Speaks’,
Time
, 11 June 1945.

149
‘Mr Morrison in New York’,
The Times
, 12 Jan. 1946.

150
Charmley,
End of Glory
, p. 649.

151
Ashley Jackson, ‘Tswana War Poetry: Part One’,
Botswana Notes and Records
, 27 (1995), pp. 97–110. Quotation at 106. For examples of war poetry from the Gold Coast, including a paean to Churchill, see Ohenaba Sakyi Djan and Maurice S. Cockin, ‘Drums and Victory: Africa’s Call to the Empire’,
Journal of the Royal African Society
, 41 (1942), pp. 29–41.

152
Jackson,
British Empire
, pp. 180, 187.

153
Kwame Nkrumah,
Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism
, Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, 1965, p. 40.