Citizen Emperor (201 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 91 . | Cited in MacKenzie, Escape from Elba , p. 33. |
| 92 . | Bausset, Mémoires anecdotiques , ii. pp. 188–9. |
| 93 . | J.-M. des Cilleuls, ‘Yvan, chirurgien de Napoleon (1765–1839)’, Archives de médecine et de pharmacie militaires , 103 (1935), 1024–31; Caulaincourt, Memoirs , iii. pp. 308–55; MacKenzie, Escape from Elba , p. 35. Apart from Caulaincourt, present were Fain and Saint-Denis. See Fain, Manuscrit de mil huit cent-quatorze , pp. 255–8; and Saint-Denis, Souvenirs du Mameluck Ali , pp. 62–4. |
| 94 . | MacKenzie, Escape from Elba , p. 189. |
| 95 . | For a wider context see Emil Szittya, Selbstmörder: ein Beitrag zur Kulturgeschichte aller Zeiten und Völker (Vienna, 1985); Georges Minois, Histoire du suicide: la société occidentale face à la mort volontaire (Paris, 1995), pp. 318–21, 359–62; Jeffrey Merrick, ‘Death and Life in the Archives: Patterns of and Attitudes to Suicide in Eighteenth-Century Paris’, in John Weaver and David Wright (eds), Histories of Suicide: International Perspectives on Self-Destruction in the Modern World (Toronto, 2009), pp. 73–90. |
| 96 . | Fournier, Napoleon , ii. p. 373, and p. Hillemand, ‘Napoleon a-t-il tenté de se suicider à Fontainebleau?’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon , 119 (1971), 71–8, doubt whether Napoleon tried to commit suicide. |
| 97 . | Palmstierna (ed.), Marie-Louise et Napoléon , p. 200. |
| 98 . | She wrote to her father on 8 April to say that she would leave the next day. |
| 99 . | According to Savary, Mémoires , vii. pp. 185–6; Guy Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe: 300 jours d’exil (Paris, 2003), pp. 131–2. |
100
. Bausset,
Mémoires anecdotiques
, i. p. 392, ii. p. 277, although he is less than reliable; Boudon,
Le roi Jérôme
, pp. 407–8.
101
. Later, in a letter to her husband, Pierrelongue (ed.),
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, p. 291 (8 April 1814), Marie-Louise stated that his brothers insisted she hand herself over to an Austrian corps.
102
. Bausset,
Mémoires anecdotiques
, ii. pp. 220–4.
103
. Masson,
L’impératrice Marie-Louise
, pp. 572–3; Fournier,
Marie-Louise et la chute de Napoléon
, pp. 4–5, says that he was to accompany her to Fontainebleau, but he is wrong.
104
. Schiel,
Marie-Louise
, p. 202.
105
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, pp. 202–3 (8 April 1814).
106
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, pp. 204–5 (11 April 1814).
107
. A judgement that can be found in Masson,
L’impératrice Marie-Louise
, p. 574; Henry Houssaye,
1815
, 3 vols (Paris, 1893), i. p. 161.
108
. Pierrelongue (ed.),
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, pp. 292, 293 (8, 9 April 1814).
109
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, p. 203 (9 April 1814).
110
. Pierrelongue (ed.),
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, pp. 291, 297, 301 (8, 11, 12 April 1814); Godlewski,
Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe
, pp. 133–5.
111
. Metternich to Hudelist, 7 April 1814, cited in Edward de Wertheimer,
The Duke of Reichstadt
(London, 1905), pp. 95–6.
112
. According to Fournier,
Marie-Louise et la chute de Napoléon
, p. 4.
113
. Cited in Schiel,
Marie-Louise
, p. 204.
114
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, pp. 212–13 (12 April 1814).
115
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, p. 216 (12–13 April 1814).
116
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, p. 214 (12 April 1814).
117
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, pp. 224–5 (15 April 1814) .
118
. Méneval,
Napoléon et Marie-Louise
, ii. p. 205.
119
. Schiel,
Marie-Louise
, p. 211.
120
. Palmstierna (ed.),
Marie-Louise et Napoléon
, pp. 236–7 (20 April 1814).
121
. Neil Campbell,
Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba: Being a Journal of Occurrences in 1814–1815
(London, 1869), p. 157.
122
. Campbell,
Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba
, p. 181.
123
. For the following account of Napoleon’s flight to Elba see Truchsess-Waldbourg,
Nouvelle relation de l’itinéraire de Napoléon
; Jean-Baptiste-Germain Fabry,
Itinéraire de Buonaparte, depuis son départ de Doulevent, le 28 mars, jusqu’à son embarquement à Fréjus, le 29 avril
(Paris, 1815), who appears to have interviewed people along the route; Campbell,
Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba
, pp. 178–92; Joseph Alexandre Freiherr von Helfert,
Napoleon I., Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, April–Mai 1814, mit Benützung der amtlichen Reiseberichte des kaiserlich österreichischen Commissars General Koller
(Vienna, 1874); Thomas Ussher,
Napoleon’s last voyages, being the diaries of Admiral Sir Thomas Ussher . . . on board the ‘Undaunted’, and John R. Glover . . . on board the ‘Northumberland’
(2nd edn, London, 1906).
124
. Thompson, ‘Napoleon’s Journey to Elba’, 8.
125
. Ernouf,
Maret
, p. 642.
126
. One can find it, for example, in
Corr.
xxvii. n. 21561 (20 April 1814); A.-D.-B. Monier,
Une année de la vie de l’empereur Napoléon, ou Précis historique de tout ce qui s’est passé depuis le 1er avril 1814 jusqu’au 20 mars 1815
(Paris, 1815), pp. 15–17. Las Cases,
Mémorial
, ii. pp. 559–66. See also, Helfert,
Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba
, pp. 20–2.
127
. MacKenzie,
Escape from Elba
, pp. 49–50.
128
. Chevalier,
Souvenirs
, p. 305.
129
. According to Parquin,
Souvenirs
, p. 365.
130
. Lentz,
Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire
, iv. p. 158, says six carriages and eight
fourgons
.
131
. Monier,
Une année de la vie de l’empereur
, p. 18.
132
. AN AF7 3733, Minutes des bulletins de police, 2 May 1814.
133
. AN AF7 3733, Minutes des bulletins de police, 2 May 1814; ‘Passage de l’empereur à Avignon en 1814’, in
De l’exil au retour de l’île d’Elbe: récits contemporains
(Paris, 2001), pp. 11–14; Fabry,
Itinéraire de Buonaparte
, pp. 44–6.
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