Citizen Emperor (197 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 49 . | Corr. xxvi. n. 20645 (27 September 1813). |
| 50 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 949. |
| 51 . | Ashby, Napoleon against Great Odds , pp. 3–8, 187. Ashby contends that nearly half of the 930,000 conscripts were either ineligible or not notified. On the attempts to create a new army after Leipzig see his account at pp. 21–42. |
| 52 . | Roger Dufraisse, ‘La fin des départements de la rive gauche du Rhin’, in Yves-Marie Bercé (ed.), La fin de l’Europe napoléonienne, 1814: la vacance du pouvoir (Paris, 1990), pp. 24–5. |
| 53 . | Woloch, The New Regime , pp. 423–4; Isser Woloch, ‘Napoleonic Conscription: State Power and Civil Society’, Past & Present , 111 (1986), 101–29; Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters , pp. 41–2, 52–3; Gavin Daly, Inside Napoleonic France: State and Society in Rouen, 1800–1815 (Burlington, Vt, 2001), pp. 244–6; Louis Bergès, Résister à la conscription, 1798–1814: le cas des départements aquitains (Paris, 2002), pp. 121–52. |
| 54 . | Bellot de Kergorre, Journal , p. 118. |
| 55 . | This figure is suggested by Lieven, Russia against Napoleon , p. 458; Jacques Garnier, ‘Campagne de 1813 en Allemagne’, in Tulard (ed.), Dictionnaire Napoléon , p. 354. |
| 56 . | Schama, Patriots and Liberators , pp. 636–7; Johann Joor, ‘Les Pays-Bas contre l’impérialisme napoléonien: les soulèvements anti-Français entre 1806 et 1813’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 326 (2001), 167. |
| 57 . | Regele, Feldmarschall Radetzky , pp. 156–64. |
| 58 . | Grimsted, The Foreign Ministers of Alexander , pp. 205, 208–9; Hartley, Alexander , p. 123; Zamoyski, Rites of Peace , pp. 125–6. |
| 59 . | Müffling, Memoirs , pp. 93, 395; Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , pp. 39–40; Sked, Radetzky , pp. 51–5. |
| 60 . | Müffling, Memoirs , p. 388; Sked, Radetzky , p. 50. |
| 61 . | Uffindell, Napoleon 1814 , p. 7. |
| 62 . | Stamm-Kuhlmann, König in Preußens großer Zeit , pp. 383–4; Sked, Radetzky , pp. 54–5. |
| 63 . | Favier, Bernadotte , pp. 240–1. |
| 64 . | Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen , p. 143. |
| 65 . | For the following see Volker Sellin, ‘Restauration et légitimité en 1814’, Francia , 26/2 (1999), 115–29. |
| 66 . | Charles William Vane (ed.), Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh , 8 vols (London, 1851–3), ix. p. 247; August Fournier, Der Congress von Châtillon: die Politik im Kriege von 1814 (Leipzig, 1900), pp. 19–36, for the allies’ views on this question. |
| 67 . | On this question see Pingaud, Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons , pp. 251–312; Franklin D. Scott, ‘Bernadotte and the Throne of France, 1814’, Journal of Modern History , 5 (1933), 465–78; Boudon, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire , pp. 401–2; Favier, Bernadotte , pp. 239–47; Michel Winock, Madame de Stäel (Paris, 2010), pp. 445–52. |
| 68 . | Evelyne Lever, Louis XVIII (Paris, 1988), p. 292; Philip Mansel, Louis XVIII (Stroud, 1999), p. 163. |
| 69 . | Beugnot, Mémoires , ii. p. 96; Noël, With Napoleon’s Guns , p. 191. |
| 70 . | Philippe de Ségur, Du Rhin à Fontainebleau: mémoires du général comte de Ségur (Paris, n.d.), p. 85. |
| 71 . | Marmont, Mémoires , vi. pp. 8–10. |
| 72 . | According to what seems a reasonably accurate assessment in a letter from Gneisenau to Alexander published in Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , p. 558. |
| 73 . | Marmont, Mémoires , vi. pp. 8–9. |
| 74 . | See Stephan Talty, The Illustrious Dead: The Terrifying Story of How Typhus Killed Napoleon’s Greatest Army (New York, 2009). |
| 75 . | Hagemann, ‘“Unimaginable Horror and Misery”’, pp. 168, 170. |
| 76 . | Rowe, ‘France, Prussia, or Germany?’, 634; Dufraisse, ‘La fin des départements’, p. 27. It was the second time that the French had carried typhus to the city. The first occurred in 1795 (Rowe, From Reich to State , p. 224). |
| 77 . | Thirion, Souvenirs militaires , p. 169. |
| 78 . | Mercy-Argenteau, Memoirs , i. p. 134. |
| 79 . | Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , iii. p. 501. |
| 80 . | Barrès, Souvenirs , p. 195; Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon , p. 94. |
| 81 . | See, for example, the remarks made by Marmont, Mémoires , vi. pp. 2, 4–5. |
| 82 . | Marmont, Mémoires , vi. p. 7; Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , pp. 946–7; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , p p. 491, 493. There were some in the allied camp who were advocating a spring offensive. |
| 83 . | Paul W. Schroeder, ‘An Unnatural “Natural Alliance”: Castlereagh, Metternich, and Aberdeen in 1813’, International History Review , 10 (1988), 534; Chamberlain, Lord Aberdeen , pp. 141–53. |
| 84 . | At least this is what he later claimed. Metternich, Mémoires , i. pp. 173–4. |
| 85 . | Kraehe, Metternich , i. p. 257. |
| 86 . | Fournier, Der Congress von Châtillon , pp. 22–4. |
| 87 . | Metternich, Mémoires , i. pp. 173–4. |
| 88 . | Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française , viii. pp. 220–6, argues that Napoleon was justified in responding in a non-committal way to what in all evidence was little more than a diplomatic probe. |
| 89 . | Charles Webster, The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1812–1815: Britain and the Reconstruction of Europe , 2 vols (London, 1931), i. pp. 166–80; Sweet, Wilhelm von Humboldt , ii. pp. 151–5. |
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