Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (745 page)

Neolithic culture of the later fourth and third millennia
bc
in northern Europe, the first Neolithic culture in the region, named after its characteristic pottery style, the funnel-necked beaker, which has a globular body and out-turned rim. Amphorae and flasks are also known in the ceramic repertoire. The origins of the TRB are thought to lie in the acculturation of local Mesolithic communities through contact with the Linear Pottery Cultures (LBK) to the south. TRB settlements are poorly known, but enclosures such as
SARUP
in Denmark are now being recognized more widely. Burials are well known and include single graves in
DYSSER
in Scandinavia,
KUJAVIAN
graves in Poland, and in later periods
PASSAGE GRAVES
. Five main regional groups of the TRB have been identified: the western group in the Netherlands; the southern group in Germany; the southeastern group in the Czech Republic; the eastern group in Poland; and the northern group in Denmark. Ground stone axes and battle-axes are known. Copper tools were made during later periods of the TRB in the southeastern group and distributed from there to surrounding regions. The TRB is succeeded by the
SINGLE GRAVE
cultures.

 
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Latin term for a dining room, often with an arrangement of three couches in a horseshoe shape.

 
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The principal Roman city of northeast Gaul and important medieval administrative and trade centre situated in the Moselle Valley. The site was settled in the later 1st millennium
bc
by the local Treveri tribe who appear to have built a tribal sanctuary there. Following the Roman conquest of Gaul the site was selected by the emperor Augustus as the regional capital because of its favourable position in relation to the Rhine frontier as a supply base to the Roman army, for regional trade, and as an administrative centre for the three provinces of Gallia Belgica and two Germanies. By the 4th century
ad
Trier had become a spiritual and political capital for western Europe and later was the centre of an archbishopric.
[Sum.: E. M. Wrightman , 1970,
Roman Trier and the Treveri
. London: Hart-Davies]

 
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The gallery or arcade, usually without windows and so a ‘blind storey’, above the main arcade and below the ‘clerestory’.

 
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An arrangement of large stones comprising two uprights with a lintel across the top. The best-known examples are at
STONEHENGE
, England.

 
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Tribal grouping or petty kingdom of the last few centuries
bc
and 1st century
ad
in southeastern England, seemingly occupying the area north of the River Thames over what is now the southern part of East Anglia. The main tribal centre was probably the
TERRITORIAL
at
CAMULODUNUM
, but many other settlements are also known, some showing signs of proto-urban structure and form. The Trinovantes were clearly in close contact with the Roman empire through trade and perhaps also alliances and personal contacts, as evidenced by the wealth of imported luxury goods, wines, and foodstuffs from the Mediterranean world.

 
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