Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (99 page)

Egyptian god, the sacred bull of Montu, worshipped at Hermonthis, Armant.

 
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From later Bronze Age times through to the early medieval period, metal buckets of various kinds were important accoutrements and probably status objects throughout Europe. The earliest examples are of situla shape, made of sheet bronze, and date to the 8th century
bc
, imitating vessels found in the Mediterranean world still earlier. The association of buckets and also sheet-metal cauldrons with flesh-hooks suggests that they had a central role in feasting ceremonies where the chief would apportion particular cuts of meat from the communal cooking vessel according to rank, status, or privilege. Wooden buckets with elaborate ornamental metal fittings are known through Iron Age times and outside the Roman world in northern Europe through the early 1st millennium
AD
. They reappear again very visibly over much of northwest Europe in the mid 1st millennium
ad
when examples are deposited in
PAGAN SAXON
graves.

 
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Type of large middle Bronze Age pot found within the overall repertoire of the
DEVEREL–RIMBURY
ceramic tradition of southern Britain in the period 1500 bc through to 1200 bc. Usually over 60cm high, bucket urns are shaped like modern buckets with straight slightly sloping sides, wider at the top than the bottom. They are fairly plain with occasional applied cordons decorated with finger-tip impressions. Found on domestic sites where they were presumably used as storage vessels and as containers for cremations they are often found as
SECONDARY BURIALS
in earlier
ROUND BARROWS
.

 
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Buckland , William
(1784–1856)
[Bi].

Early 19th-century antiquary who was a leading exponent of the Catastrophist school of thought which denied the antiquity of man and upheld the biblical account of the Flood. Buckland perpetuated this view despite having excavated the so-called ‘Red Lady’ in a cave at Paviland on the Gower Peninsula of South Wales in 1823. A Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he became Professor of Mineralogy and first reader in geology at Oxford in 1813. Subsequently he became Canon of Christ Church and in 1845 Dean of Westminster.
[Bio.: E. O. Gordon , 1894,
The life and correspondence of William Buckland
. London: John Murray ]

 
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Large ceramic griddles used to toast manioc flour in Central and South America.

 
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Widespread communities living in the valleys of the Rivers Bug and Dniester in the Ukraine who adopted the use of pottery around 5500 bc within a hunter-gatherer economy. Settlements appear to be short-lived camps beside rivers and lakes. The subsistence base revolved around red deer, wild pigs and cattle, roe deer, birds, shellfish, and fish, with some evidence for plant gathering. Some imported pottery of
LBK
and
CRI
S
type suggests contacts with the agricultural communities to the west, but there is no evidence for agriculture amongst Bug Culture groups.