Death to Tyrants! (39 page)

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Authors: David Teegarden

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6

The Ilian Tyrant-Killing Law

Introduction

Ilion, the site of legendary Troy, was in a fairly wretched condition by the end of the Classical period. To begin with, it was small and poor. Lykourgos (
Leok
. 62), for example, called Ilion “uninhabited” (
aoikētos
). And Strabo (13.1.26), referring to the Ilion of Lykourgos's day, called it a “village” (
kōmē
), and noted that its temple of Athena was “small and cheap” (
mikron kai euteles
).
1
In addition, by the last third of the fourth century, the Ilians had suffered through decades of extreme regional turbulence during which they were controlled by a series of foreign tyrants and other powers. Many of the specifics are unknown. But from the latter part of the fifth century until 399, Dardanian tyrants (Zenis, Mania, Meidias) dominated Ilion with Persian acquiescence (Xen.
Hell
. 3.1.10–16). From 399 to 387, it was garrisoned and under Spartan control (Xen.
Hell
. 3.1.16–19). The twenty-seven years that followed the King's Peace (i.e., 387–360) are particularly confusing; but, generally speaking, Ilion was once again controlled by Persian satraps or their agents, be they loyal to or in revolt from the Persian king.
2
And finally, from 360 to 334, Ilion was primarily in the hands of foreign mercenary generals.
3

In the closing decades of the fourth century, the people of Ilion had reason to conclude that both their political and material conditions would improve. Alexander's celebrated arrival into the city (334) marked the turning point: he sacrificed at the temple of Athena and declared the city free and without tribute and that it was to be governed democratically. He also apparently promised in 323, as part of his “last plans,” to make the temple of Athena the largest temple in any Greek city.
4
Ilion also benefited while Antigonos (“the one-eyed”) held much of Asia Minor: he likely founded the religious koinon of Athena Ilias that Ilion headed; a Panathenaic festival was inaugurated; and the people of Ilion built a theater, a new terrace wall, and (what might have been) a prytaneion. Ilion was becoming a real polis.
5

Two generations after Alexander's conquest of western Asia Minor, the Ilians promulgated a tyrant-killing law. It is, chronologically, the latest known such law. And it is by far the most complex. Here is its text and an original translation—the bold numbers in parentheses mark the beginning of a new provision.
6

Non-
ΣΤΟΙΧ
.

Side I

[Lines 1–8 are lost]

εντ̣[-------------------------------------------------------]

10

.αστου[---------------------------------------------------]

.ο̣ι .ο̣χοσ.υσα[-------------------------------------------]

μα̣.γα ….σεα̣π̣[---------------------------------------]

[-----------------------------------------------------------]

.π̣.λυσι[--------------------------------------------------]

15

.μ̣. κ̣α̣ὶ̣ ἀρχ[-

--------------------------------------------]

καὶ ἐν δημοκρατίαι .δυ[------------------------------ -]

νιολι..ρ[---------]ον[---]η[------------------------------]

τε α[ὐ]τὸν [---]νι[---- -]τωι [---- ]λ [-----]ο[--------]

(1)

[ὃς δ᾿] ἂν ἀπ[οκτ]είνηι τ[ὸν τ]ύραννο[ν ἢ τὸν ἡ]-

20

γεμόνα τῆ[ς] ὀλιγαρ[χ]ίας ἢ τὸν τὴν δ[ημοκρα]-

τίαγ καταλύον[τ]α, ἐὰμ μὲν ἔναρχο[ς, τά]-

λαντον ἀργυρ[ί]ου λ[αμβάνειν παρὰ τῆς πό]-

λεως αὐθημερ̣ὸ̣ν̣ ἢ τῆι δευτέραι, [κ]αὶ εἰκό[να]

χαλκῆν αὐτο[ῦ στ]ῆ[σ]α[ι τ]ὸ[ν δῆ]μον· εἶναι δὲ

25

αὐτῶι καὶ σίτη[σ]ιν [ἐ]μ πρυ[τα]νείωι, [ἕ]ως [ἂν] ζῆ[ι],

καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶ[σι] εἰς π[ρο]εδρίαν [κηρύ]σσεσ-

θαι ὀνομαστεὶ καὶ δύο δ[ρ]αχμὰς δίδοσθαι

αὐτῶι ἑκάστης ἡμέρας μέχρι ἂν ζῆι· ἐὰν δὲ

ξένος ἦι ὁ ἀποκτ[εί]νας, ταὐτὰ δίδοσθαι αὐτῶ[ι]

30

καὶ πολίτης ἔστω [κα]ὶ εἰς [φυλ]ὴν ἐξέστω αὐ[τ]ῶ[ι]

εἰσελθεῖν ἣν ἂν βούληται· ἐὰν δὲ δοῦλος ἦ[ι]

[ὁ ἀ]ποκτε[ίνας, ἐπί]τιμος [ἔ]στω καὶ πολιτεί-

[ας μ]ε[τεχέτω κατὰ τὸν ν]όμογ καὶ τριάκοντα μ-

[νᾶς λαμβανέτω παρὰ τῆς πόλεως] αὐθημερὸν ἢ [τῆι]

35

[δευτέραι, καὶ μέχρι ἂν ζῆι ἑκάσ]της ἡμέρας λαμβά-

(2)

[νέτω δραχμὴν------------------ ] τῆς ἀρχῆς οἱ με[..]

[---------------------------- τάλαντον ἀργ]υρίου λαμβανέ[τω]-

[σαν------------------------------------------] τριάκοντα μνᾶ[ς]

[---------------------------------------------ἔσ]τω πολίτη[ς]

Side II

(3)

[---------------------τὰ δὲ]

40

[ἄ]λλα τῆς πόλεως εἶναι.

[κα]ὶ εἴ τίς τι ἠδικήθη ὑπ᾿ αὐ-

[τῶν], ἀπολαμβάνειν ἐντεῦ-

(4)

[θεν· ἐ]ὰν δέ τις τὸν τῦραν-

[νον ἢ τ]ὸν ἡγεμόνα τῆς ὀλι-

45

[γαρ]χίας ἢ τὸν 〈τὴν〉 δημοκρατί-

αγ καταλύσαντα τῶν συσ-

στρατιωτῶν τις ἀποκτεί-

νας εἰς δημοκρατίαγ κατα-

στήσηι τὴμ πόλιν, ἀζήμιόν

50

τε αὐτὸν εἶναι ὧν ἔπραξεν

μετ᾿ αὐτῶγ καὶ τάλαντον ἀρ-

γυρίου λαμβάνειμ παρὰ τοῦ

(5)

δήμου. ὃς ἂν ἐπὶ τυράννο〈υ〉 ἢ

ὀλιγαρχία〈ς〉
7
στρατηγήσηι

55

ἢ ἄλλην τινὰ ἀρχὴν ἄρξηι

[ἡν]τιναοῦν, δι᾿ ἧς εἰς ἀργυ[ρί]-

[ου λ]όγον ἔρχεται, ἢ ἐπιγρ[α]-

[φὴν ἐ]πιγράψηι Ἰλιέων [τ]ινὶ ἢ

[τῶν με]τοίκων, π[αρ]ὰ μηδε-

60

[νὸς τούτων ὠν]εῖσθαι μηδὲ

[παρατίθεσθαι μ]ήτε γῆν μή-

[τε οἰκί]α[μ μήτ]ε κτήνη μήτε

[ἀνδ]ράποδα [μή]τε ἄλλο μη-

[δ]ὲν μηδὲ φ[ερν]ὴν δέχεσθαι·

65

ὃς δ᾿ ἂν παρὰ [τού]των τινὸς πρί-

ηταί τι ἢ παρ[αθ]ῆται ἢ φερ[ν]ὴν

λάβηι ἢ ἄλλ[ως] πως κτήση-

ται, ἄκυρον ε[ἶνα]ι τὴγ κτῆσιν

καὶ τὸν ἀδικ[ηθέ]ντα ἰέναι εἰς

70

τὰ τοῦ ἀδικήσ[αν]τος ἀτιμη-

(6)

τεί, ὁπόταν θ[έλ]ηι. ἐὰν δέ τις

τὸ δεύτερον [σ]τρατηγήσηι

ἢ ἄλλην ἀρ[χὴν] ἄρξηι, ὅσ᾿ ἂν

διαχειρίσηι χ[ρή]ματα, πάντα

75

ὀφείλειν ὡς δ[η]μόσια ὄντα·

[ἐξ]εῖναι δὲ δι[κάσ]ασθαι τῶι

[βουλο]μένωι ὡ[ς] περὶ δημοσί-

[ων ἐν τ]ῶι δικα[σ]τηρίωι, ὅταν

[βούλητ]αι, μέχ[ρι] τέλος δί-

80

[κης γέν]ηται [δη]μοκρατου-

(7)

[μένων Ἰλ]ιέων. [ὃς] δ᾿ ἂν ἐπὶ τυ-

[ράννου] ἢ ὀλιγα[ρ]χίας ἐκ τού-

[των χρήμα]τα δη[μό]σια δῶι ἢ λά-

[βηι, ἐξεῖν]αι δικ[άσ]ασθαι ὡς

85

[περὶ δημοσίων] χρημάτων, ὑπόδι-

[κος δὲ ἔστω-------------------------]

Side III

(8)

ἐγ μιαροῦ γένωνται· καὶ τὰ ὄντα αὐτῶν

τὰ μὲν ἡμίση τῆς πόλεως ε[ἶ]ναι, τὰ δ᾿ ἡμί-

ση τῶν παίδων τοῦ ἀποθανόντος, ἐὰν δὲ παῖ-

δες μὴ ὦσιν, εἰς οὓς ἂν τὰ χρήματα ἱκνῆται·

90

δίκην δὲ εἶναι περὶ τούτω[ν] ἀεί, μέχρι τέλος

δίκης γένηται δημοκρατουμένων Ἰλιέων·

ἐὰν δὲ δεθῆι ἢ ἑρχθῆι [ἢ] φεύγηι δεσμῶν,
8
τιμὰς

διπλασίας ὀφείλει[ν κ]αὶ ὅτι ἂν βλαβῆι διπλάσιον·

ἐὰν δὲ χρήματα ἐ[κ]τείσηι, διπλάσια ἀποτινέ-

95

[τ]ω ὁ κατηγορήσ[ας]· δίκην δὲ εἶναι περὶ τούτων

[ἀ]εί, μέχρι τέλ[ος] δίκης γένηται δημοκρατου-

(9)

[μ]ένων Ἰλιέω[ν. ἐ]άν τις ἐπὶ τυράννου ἢ ὀλιγαρ-

χίας ἀποκτ[είνηι] τινὰ ἐν ἀρχῆι ὤν, πάντας τοὺς

τὴμ ψῆφ[ον προσθεμ]ένους ἀνδροφόνους εἶναι, κα[ὶ]

100

[ἐ]ξεῖ[ναι ἐπεξελθ]εῖν ἀεί, μέχρι τέλος δίκης

[γένηται δημοκρατουμέ]νων Ἰλιέωγ· καὶ ἐὰν τὴν

δίκ[ην ἀποφεύγηι τις, ψῆφον πρ]οσθέμενος
9
ὥστε ἀ-

ποκτεῖναι, ἄτ[ιμον εἶναι] καὶ φεύγειν αὐτὸγ

καὶ ἐκγόνους οἳ ἂν [ἐξ αὐτοῦ γ]ένωνται· φόνον

105

δὲ ἐπιγαμία〈ι〉ς
10
μὴ καταλλάσ[σεσ]θαι μηδὲ χρή-

(10)

μασιν· εἰ δὲ μή, ἔνοχον εἶναι τῆι α[ὐτ]ῆι ζημίαι. ἐ-

ὰν δέ τις τύραννος ἢ ἡγεμὼν ὀλιγαρχίας ἢ ὅσ-

τις Ἰλιέων ἀρχὰς συ[ν]αποδεικνύηι μετὰ τού[των]

ἢ ἄλλος πρὸ τούτων πρίηται γῆν ἢ οἰκίαν ἢ κτήν[η]

110

ἢ ἀνδράποδα ἢ ἄλλο ὁτιοῦν, ἀκύρως ἐωνήσθω κα[ὶ]

(11)

ἐπανίτω εἰς τοὺς ἀποδομένους. ἐάν τις ἐν ὀλι-

γαρχίαι κακοτεχνῶν περὶ τοὺς νόμους
vacat

vacat
βουλὴν αἱρῆται ἢ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρχάς,

ὡς ἐν δημοκρατίαι θέλων διαπράσσεσθαι τ[ε]-

115

χνάζων, ἄκυρα εἶναι καὶ τὸν τεχνάζοντα πάσ-

(12)

χειν ὡς ἡγεμόνα ὀλιγαρχίας. ὃς ἂν τύρανν[ος]

ἢ ἡγεμὼν γένηται ὀλιγαρχίας, ἢ τύραννον στ[ή]-

σηι ἢ συνεπαναστῆι ἢ δημοκρατίαγ καταλύ-

σηι, ὅπου
11
ἄν τι ὄνομα ἦι τούτων, ἐάν τε ἐν τοῖς

120

ἱερ〈ητ〉εύσασιν ἐάν τε ἐν ἀναθήματι ἐάν τ᾿ ἐπὶ τάφο[υ],

ἐκκόπτειν παντόθεγ, καὶ ἐγ μὲν τῶν ἱερητευ-

κότων ἐκκόψαντας πωλεῖγ, καὶ τὸμ πριάμενον

ὄνομα ἐπιγράψασθαι ὅτι ἂν θέληι οἷς μέτεστι·

τὰ δὲ ἀναθήματα ὅσα μὲν ἂν ἰδίαι ἀνατεθῆι, ἐξα-

125

λείψαντας τοῦ ἀναθέντος τὰ ἐπιγράμματα βο[υ]-

λεύειν περὶ τοῦ ἀναθήματος τὸν δῆμον, ὅπως μ[ή]-

τε ἐκείνων ἑστήξει μηδὲ μνημεῖον μηθὲν ἔσ-

ται· ὅπου δὲ κοινὸν ἀνάθημα καὶ ἑτέρων ἐπι-

γέγραπται, ἄδηλον ποιεῖν ἐξαλείψαντας τ[ὸ]

130

(13)

[ὄνομ]α τὸ ἐκείνου. ἐάν τις ἐπὶ τυράννου ἢ ὀλ[ι]-

[γαρχίας-----------------------------------------]

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