Dirty Wars (114 page)

213
“
put a great deal of pressure
”:
Yemen: Confronting al-Qaeda, Preventing State Failure, Hearing Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
, 111th Cong. 53 (2010) (prepared testimony of Gregory D. Johnsen). 213
hardened jihadist:
Gregory D. Johnsen,
The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America's War in Arabia
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2012), p. 163.

214
“
become more strident
”:
Gregory D. Johnsen, “Al-Qaeda in Yemen Reorganizes Under Nasir al-Wahayshi,”
Terrorism Focus
5 (11) (March 18, 2008),
www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4796
.

215
first basement-level recruit
:
“Robert M. Gates; Secretary of Defense,” accessed September 10, 2012,
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/gates-bio.html
.

215
“
was close to many figures
”:
Lawrence
E. Walsh, “Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters; Volume I: Investigations and Prosecutions,” August 4, 1993, p. 223.

215
US-fueled war in Afghanistan
:
Yaroslav Trofimov, “Soviets' Afghan Ordeal Vexed Gates on Troop-Surge,”
Wall Street Journal
, November 30, 2009.

216
“
direct action authorities
”:
Committee on Armed Services, Afghanistan, S. Hrg. 110-269 (2007) (testimony of Lieutenant General Douglas E. Lute).

216
“
pushing hard
”:
Sean D. Naylor, “Spec Ops Raids into Pakistan Halted,”
Army Times
, September 26, 2008.

216
“
Pakistanis looked the other way
”:
Author interview, Lieutenant Colonel Anthony Shaffer, May 2011.

216
grown by 60 percent
:
Ann Scott Tyson, “New Plans Foresee Fighting Terrorism Beyond War Zones,”
Washington Post
, April 23, 2006.

217
“
bitter disagreements
”:
Mark Mazzetti and David Rohde, “Amid U.S. Policy Disputes, Qaeda Grows in Pakistan,”
New York Times
, June 30, 2008.

217
“
unprovoked and cowardly
”:
Kamran Haider, “Pakistan Condemns ‘Cowardly' US Attack; Eleven Dead,” Reuters, June 11, 2008.

217
approved a secret order
:
Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazzetti, “Bush Said to Give Orders Allowing Raids in Pakistan,”
New York Times
, September 10, 2008.

217
“
Bill rapidly expanded operations
”:
Author interview, Special Operations source, August 2010.

218
Angoor Adda
:
Christina Lamb, “Playing with Firepower,”
Sunday Times
(London), September 14, 2008.

218
“
two dozen suspected Qaeda fighters
”:
Schmitt and Mazzetti, “Bush Said to Give Orders Allowing Raids in Pakistan.”

218
according to local villagers
:
Lamb, “Playing with Firepower.”

218
“
gross violation of Pakistan's territory
”:
US diplomatic cable 08ISLAM-ABAD2907, from Ambassador Anne Patterson, US Embassy Islamabad, “GOP Condemns Alleged ISAF September 3 Incident in South Waziristan,” September 3, 2008, released by WikiLeaks,
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/09/08ISLAMABAD2907.html
.

219
near Dire Dawa
:
Eric Schmitt and Mark Mazzetti, “Secret Order Lets U.S. Raid Al Qaeda,”
New York Times
, November 9, 2008.

219
“
It's kinetic
”:
Author interview, Malcolm Nance, May 2011.

219
unarmed US Predator drone
:
David Axe, “Hidden History: America's Secret Drone War in Africa,” Danger Room (blog), Wired.com, August 13, 2012,
www.wired.com/dangerroom/2012/08/somalia-drones/all/
.

219
strafed the convoy
:
Jeffrey Gettleman, “More Than Fifty Die in U.S. Strikes in Somalia,”
New York Times
, January 9, 2007.

219
Reports suggested
:
Michael R. Gordon and Mark Mazzetti, “U.S. Used Base in Ethiopia to Hunt Al Qaeda,”
New York Times
, February 23, 2007.

219
“
al Qaeda leader
”:
Gettleman, “More Than Fifty Die in U.S. Strikes in Somalia.”

219
bloodied passport
:
Gordon and Mazzetti, “U.S. Used Base in Ethiopia to Hunt Al Qaeda.”

220
“
near the Kenyan border
”:
US diplomatic cable 07ADDISABABA90, from Ambassador Donald Yamamoto, US Embassy Addis Ababa, “Scenesetter for Deputy USTR Allgeier's Visit to Ethiopia,” January 12, 2007, released by WikiLeaks,
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/01/07ADDISABABA90.html
.

220
took credit
:
“US Somali Air Strikes ‘Kill Many,'” BBC.co.uk, January 9, 2007.

220
“
Qaeda Clobbered
”:
Andy Soltis, “Qaeda Clobbered; U.S. Somalia Raid Kills Embassy Fiend,”
New York Post
, January 11, 2007.

220
randomly killed
:
Alex Perry, “Somalia on the Edge,”
Time
, November 29, 2007.

220
“
no combatants amongst them
”:
Aaron Glantz, “U.S. Air Strikes in Somalia Condemned for Killing Innocent Civilians,”
OneWorld US
, January 20, 2007.

220
“
paying the price
”:
Anne Penketh and Steve Bloomfield, “US Strikes on al-Qa'ida Chiefs Kill Nomads,”
Independent
(London), January 13, 2007.

221
US-designated terrorist
:
“Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224,” Bureau of Counterterrorism, US Department of State, December 17, 2012,
www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/143210.htm
.

221
“
helped the Americans easily trace us
”:
Author interview, Sheikh Ahmed “Madobe” Mohammed Islam, June 2011. All quotations of Madobe are from the author's interview.

222
“
The Ambassador told Sharif
”:
US diplomatic cable 07NAIROBI5403, from Ambassador Michael Ranneberger, US Embassy Nairobi, “Sheikh Sharif and the Future Role of the Islamic Courts Moderates,” January 2, 2007, released by WikiLeaks,
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/01/07NAIRO-BI5403.html
.

222
“
preferable to co-opt
”:
US diplomatic
cable 07ADDISABABA311, from Ambassador Donald Yamamoto, US Embassy Addis Ababa, “PM Meles Highlights Land Reform as Key to Clan Reconciliation and Political Stability in Somalia,” February 1, 2007, released by WikiLeaks,
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2007/02/07ADDISABABA311.html
.

222
escaped from Somalia to Kenya
:
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Somali Islamists' No. Two Leader Surrenders in Kenyan Capital,”
New York Times
, January 23, 2007.

222
“
working with the CIA
”:
Author interview, Ali Mohamed Gedi, June 2011.

222
In Yemen
:
“Somali Islamist Travels to Yemen,” BBC.co.uk, February 8, 2007.

222
“
at least 150
”:
Human Rights Watch, “Why Am I Still Here? The 2007 Horn of Africa Renditions and the Fate of Those Still Missing” (2008). All information about renditions attributed to Human Rights Watch comes from this report.

223
sent to Guantánamo
:
Human Rights Watch, “Why Am I Still Here?” p. 4. Kenyan national Mohammed Abulmalik was arrested in Mombasa in February 2007 and ultimately ended up in the prison in Guantánamo Bay.

223
left his family
:
Clint Watts, Jacob Shapiro, and Vahid Brown, “Al-Qaida's (Mis) Adventures in the Horn of Africa,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, July 2, 2007, Appendix B: Cast of Characters from the Horn of Africa, p. 99.

223
“
as the lions eat their prey
”:
Lydia Khalil, “Foreign Fighters Face Obstacles Joining the Somali Jihad,”
Terrorism Focus
4 (24) (July 25, 2007),
www.jamestown.org/single/?-no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4326
.

224
“
help of all these foreign fighters
”:
Author interview, Yusuf Mohamed Siad, June 2011. Quotations of Indha Adde come from the author's interview unless otherwise noted.

224
went underground
:
Garowe Online, “Islamists Do Not Recognize ‘Colonial Government,' Says War Chief,” Biyokulule.com, December 10, 2007; “US Warns Eritrea over ‘Terrorism'; Asmara Told to Stop Supporting Somalia Fighters to Avoid ‘Terrorism Sponsor' Label,” AlJazeera.com, September 9, 2007.

224
receiving support
:
Matt Bryden, Gilbert Charles Barthe, Charles Lengalenga, and Ignatius Yaw Kwantwi-Mensah, “Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 1811 (2008),” UN Security Council, December 10, 2008, p. 25.

224
snipers, disproportionate fire
:
Human Rights Watch, “Shell-Shocked: Civilians Under Siege in Mogadishu,” August 13, 2007,
www.hrw.org/reports/2007/08/12/shell-shocked
.

224
“
like goats
”:
Amnesty International, “Routinely Targeted: Attacks on Civilians in Somalia,” May 6, 2008,
www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR52/006/2008
.

224
large proportion of those
:
Ibid.

224
Some 6,000 civilians
:
Ibid. The report cites estimates from Somalia-based Elman Human Rights Organization, and the UN, respectively.

224
335,000 Somali refugees
:
“Somalia—Complex Emergency, Situation Report No. 1, Fiscal Year 2008,” USAID, December 20, 2007,
http://transition.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/countries/somalia/template/fs_sr/somalia_ce_sr01_12-20-2007.pdf
.

224
“
major problem
”:
Author interview, Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, March 2011. All quotations from Gartenstein-Ross come from the author's interview, unless otherwise noted.

225
“
break that they were looking for
”:
Author interview, Abdirahman, “Aynte” Ali, June 2011. All quotations from Aynte come from the author's interview, unless otherwise noted.

225
four-day battle
:
Salad Duhul (AP), “Somali Fighting Kills 381; Government Warns of New Offensive,”
Deseret News
, April 2, 2007.

225
dragged Ethiopian soldiers
:
“Crowd Drags Ethiopian Corpse, Echoing 1993 Brutality,” CNN.com, November 8, 2007.

225
Toyota Land Cruiser
:
“Somali Prime Minister Survives Bomb Attack,” CNN.com, June 3, 2007.

225
“
tremendous success
”:
“Interview: Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi,” by Alex Perry,
Time
, September 6, 2007,
www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1659420,00.html
.

226
officially designated
:
“Designation of al-Shabaab as a Foreign Terrorist Organization,” Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, US Department of State, February 26, 2008,
www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/102446.htm
.

226
missile strikes
:
Agence France-Presse, “US Missile Strike Targets ‘Al-Qaeda Leader' in Somalia,” March 3, 2008; Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Forces Fire Missiles into Somalia at a Kenyan,”
New York Times
, March 4, 2008.

226
five Tomahawk cruise missiles
:
Stephanie McCrummen and Karen DeYoung, “U.S. Airstrike Kills Somali Accused of Links to Al-Qaeda,”
Washington Post
, May 2, 2008.

226
weeks of surveillance
:
Eric Schmitt and Jeffrey Gettleman, “Qaeda Leader Reported Killed in Somalia,”
New York Times
, May 2, 2008.

226
bodies of sixteen people
:
McCrummen and DeYoung, “U.S. Airstrike Kills Somali Accused of Links to Al-Qaeda.”

226
bio of their slain leader
:
Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, “The Strategic Challenge of Somalia's Al-Shabaab,”
Middle East Quarterly
(fall 2009),
www.meforum.org/2486/somalia-al-shabaab-strategic-challenge#_ftn22
.

226
“
short-term disruption
”:
US diplomatic cable 08NAIROBI1363, from Ambassador Michael Ranneberger, US Embassy Nairobi, “Somalia—Ayrow's Demise,” June 3, 2008, released by WikiLeaks,
http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/06/08NAIRO-BI1363.html
.

226
agreement signed in Djibouti
:
United Nations Security Council Department of Public Information, “Security Council, in Presidential Statement, Welcomes Signing of Djibouti Agreement on Reconciliation by Parties to Somalia Conflict,” UN Security Council press release, September 4, 2008.

227
refused to discuss
:
Author interview, President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, June 2011.