Disaster at Stalingrad: An Alternate History (39 page)

Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.,
Lend-Lease: Weapon for Victory
(New York: Macmillan, 1944), pp. 208, 215.

T. H. Vail Motter,
The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia
(Washington, DC: Center for Military History, 2000), p. 4.

‘Khrushchev Remembers’, The Glasnost Tapes, 1990.

Homer,
The Iliad,
tr. Robert Fagles (New York: Penguin, 1990) p. 16.1001-5.

William Craig,
Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad
(New York: Penguin, 2001), p. xi.

Paul Carell,
Hitler Moves East 1941-1943
(New York: Bantam Books, 1967), p. 479.

Joel Hayward, ‘Too Little Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler’s Failure in 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production’,
Journal of Strategic Studies,
Vol. 18, No. 4, 1995, p. 2.

Carell,
Hitler Moves East,
pp. 479-80.

wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavka
, accessed 7 June 2012. ‘Stavka was the term used to refer to a command element of the armed forces from the time of the Kievan Rus.’

Geoffey Jukes,
Stalingrad to Kursk
(Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2011), pp. 78-9.

Carell,
Hitler Moves East,
p. 480.

Anthony Beevor,
Stalingrad
(New York: Penguin, 1999), pp. 69-70.

‘Annex 5 to Report by the C-in-C, Navy, to the Führer, 13 April 1942’, in
3 Fuehrer Conferences on Matters Dealing with the German Navy
1942, Office of Naval Intelligence, Washington, DC, 1946, pp. 65-6.

*Aaron T. Davis,
Hitler and Directive 41: Decisive Decisions of World War II
(Los Angeles: Ronald Reagan Center for Strategic Issues, 2004), p. 82.

Vail Motter,
The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia,
Appendix, Tables 2, 7, 10.

Zehra Onder,
Die tiirkische Aussenpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg
(Munich, 1977) p. 150.

John Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus: The Turkish Attack on Russia in 1942’, in Peter G. Tsouras, ed.,
Third Reich Victorious
(London: Greenhill, 2002), p. 149.

Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’. pp. 149-50.

*Franz Baron von Oldendorf, ‘Hitler’s Grand Turkish Gesture’,
Journal of Second World War Studies,
Vol. XXII, p. 832.

Adolf Hitler,
Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941-1944,
ed. H. R. Trevor-Roper (New York: Enigma Books, 2000), pp. 554-5.

Mathew Hughes & Chris Mann,
Inside Hitler’s Germany: Life Under the Third Reich
(New York: MJF Books, 2000), p. 184.

*Ivan Chonkin,
The Life of Andrey Vlasov: Patriot and Liberator
(New York: Hudson Press, 1982), pp. 119-22.

*Ibrahim Sayyid,
Nazi Propaganda in the Muslim World
(New York: International Press, 1987), pp. 121-23. Nazi propaganda was finding a receptive audience, especially in the Arab world which was becoming more and more agitated by the increasing Jewish settlement in the British Mandate of Palestine.

Gill, ‘Into the Caucasus’, p. 149.

Vozhd
is a Russian term that means great war leader. In the movie
Enemy at the Gates,
the English wording used by the character representing Khrushchev to convey the emotional meaning of the term is ‘the boss’, with all the connotations of a Mob boss.

This figure of 2.5 million irrecoverable losses was provided by Russian military historians to the author in a symposium at the Moscow Military History Institute in July 1992.

This statement was made by Russian military historians to the author in a symposium at the Moscow Military History Institute in July 1992.

Richard Woodman,
Arctic Convoys 1941-1945
(Barnsley: Pen Ɛt Sword, 2011), pp. 13-14.

Woodman,
Arctic Convoys,
p. 14.

. Albert L. Weeks,
Russia’s Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the USSR in World War II
(Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010), p. 142.

Alyona Sokolova, ‘American Aid to the Soviet Union’,
Vladivostok News,
17 April 2005,
www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1385548/posts
, accessed 15 February 2012.

Beevor,
Stalingrad,
p. 223.

Weeks,
Russia’s Life-Saver,
p. 122.

Weeks,
Russia’s Life-Saver,
p. 43.

Woodman,
Arctic Convoys,
p. 345.

Grossadmiral (Grand Admiral) was the German naval rank equivalent of a British admiral of the fleet or a United States fleet admiral.

Under the Weimar Republic, the German Navy was called the Reichsmarine; Hitler renamed it the Kriegsmarine.

Peter G. Tsouras,
The Book of Military Quotations
(St Paul: Zenith, 2005), p. 396.

German Naval History,
www.german-navy.de
, accessed 17 April 2012.

Erich Raeder,
Grand Admiral
(New York: Da Capo, 2001), p. 374.

David Irving,
The Destruction of Convoy PQ-17
(New York: Simon et Schuster, 1968), pp. 4, 10.

Woodman,
Arctic Convoys,
p. 65.

Alan E. Steinweiss and Daniel E. Rogers,
The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and its Legacy
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 2003), pp. 186-8.

Raeder,
Grand Admiral,
pp. 255-65.

Jägers were elite light infantry trained to operate in difficult terrain.

Tsouras,
Book of Military Quotations,
p. 229.

Vasili Ivanovich Chuikov,
The Battle for Stalingrad
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964), p. 14.

Michael K. Jones,
Stalingrad
(Barnsley: Pen Ɛt Sword, 2007), p. 76.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_von_Tresckow
.

Peter Hoffmann,
The History of German Resistance 1933-1945
(Macdonald and Janes, 1977), p. 265

Peter Hoffmann,
Stauffenberg: A Family History 1905-1944
(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University, 2008), pp. 163, 168.

Peter Hoffmann,
Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933-1942
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 115.

*Friedrich von Heinzen,
Hoch! Hoch! Dreimal Hoch! Ludwig I, Ein Leben
(Frankfurt: Rolf Martin, 1996), p. 109.

Hugh Sebag-Montefiore,
Enigma: The Battle for the Code
(New York: John Wiley, 2000), p. 218.

wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine
, accessed 18 February 2012. ‘Enigma was the codename for a system of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages. Although Enigma had some cryptographic weaknesses, in practice it was only in combination with procedural flaws, operator mistakes, captured key tables and hardware, that Allied cryptanalysts were able to be so successful.’

Sebag-Montefiore,
Enigma,
p. 218.

Irving,
The Destruction of PQ-17,
p. 1.

Winston Churchill,
The Second World War
(New York: Penguin, 1985), Vol. IV, p. 98.

Raeder,
Grand Admiral,
p. 359.

www.german-navy.de/kriegsmarine/ships/destroyer/zerstorer1936a/z24/history.html
, accessed 21 Feb 2012. Destroyer Flotilla 8 consisted of Z-24, Z-25 and
Hermann Schoemann.

Horvitz, Leslie Alan; Catherwood, Christopher,
Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide
(New York: Facts On File, 2006), p. 200; Bryant, Chad Carl,
Prague in Black: Nazi Rule and Czech Nationalism
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 2007), p. 140.

Chuikov,
The Battle for Stalingrad,
p. 14.

Carell,
Hitler Moves East,
p. 483.

With the annexation of Austria to the Reich, its army of eight divisions was incorporated directly into the German Army bringing with them the lineages and traditions of the old Imperial Austrian Army.

Peter G. Tsouras,
The Great Patriotic War : An Illustrated History of Total War: Soviet Union and Germany, 1941-1945
(London: Greenhill, 1992), p. 79.

David Glantz,
Armageddon in Stalingrad, September-November 1942, The Stalingrad Trilogy,
Vol. 2 (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, 2009), p. 14.

Friedrich Paulus,
wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus
, accessed 18 February 2012.

*Edward M. Williams, ‘Soviet Equipment Employed by the Germans in WWII’,
US Army Magazine,
Vol. XX, No. 3, 25 February 1966.

Paul Carell,
Stalingrad: The Defeat of the German 6th Army
(Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 1993), p. 36.

Beevor,
Stalingrad,
pp. 67-8.

Jukes,
Stalingrad to Kursk,
p. 81.

Sebag-Montefiore,
Enigma,
pp. 269-70.

Robert Gerwarth,
Hitler’s Hangman: The Life of Heydrich
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), p. 50. Heydrich and Himmler’s ‘relationship was one of deep trust, complementary talents and shared political convictions’. Heydrich was fundamentally loyal to Himmler.

British television documentary,
Edward VIII: The Traitor King,
first aired by Channel 4 in 1995.

1940-1944 insurgency in Chechnya,
wikipedia.org/wiki/1940-1944_Chechnya_insurgency#cite_note-history.neu.edu-4
, accessed 13 March 2012.

*Henning von Tresckow,
Manstein und Hitler: Entscheidung 1942
(Frankfurt: Ernst Janning, 1962), p. 87.

Beevor,
Stalingrad,
pp. 69-70.

wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U-boat_flotillas
, accessed 20 Feb 2011. The German U-boat flotillas in France were: Brest: 1st and 9th; Lorient: 2nd and 10th; St-Nazaire: 7th and 6th; La Rochelle: 3rd Flotilla; Bordeaux: 12th (+ Italian submarines). The German U-boat flotillas in Norway were: Bergen: 11th; Trondheim: 13th; Narvik: 14th.

Dudley Pope,
73 North: The Defeat of Hitler’s Navy
(New York: Berkeley Books, 1958), pp. 98-9.

*Jason Colletti,
The Führer Naval Conferences
(Annapolis, MD: Naval Association Press, 1988), p. 199.

Irving,
Destruction of Convoy
PQ-17, pp. 24-31.

*Albert Adlinger,
The Devil’s Twins: Heydrich and Dönitz
(London: Mayfair et Sons, 1973), p. 121.

Irving,
Destruction of Convoy PQ-17,
p. 24.

Irving,
Destruction of Convoy PQ-17,
p. 31.

Sebag-Montefiore,
Enigma,
pp. 203-4.

*Alistair Williams,
Former Naval Person: Churchill and the Naval War
(London: Blackstone, 1955), p. 129

*Desmond Richardson,
Decision of Ill-Omen: The Wasp in the Battle for the Arctic Convoy
(New York: D. H. Dutton Press, 1949), p. 32.

Irving,
Destruction of Convoy PQ-17,
p. 300.

Signal from C-in-C Home Fleet to Admiralty and Rear-Admiral Hamilton, originating at 11:55 a.m. GMT, 22 June 1942, cited in Irving,
Destruction of Convoy PQ-17,
p. 35.

Irving,
Destruction of Convoy PQ-17,
pp. 31-2.

David Wraag,
Sacrifice for Stalin: The Cost and Value of the Artic Convoys Re-Assessed
(Barnsley: Pen Ɛt Sword, 2005), p. 216.

Carell,
Stalingrad,
pp. 58-9.

Vail Motter,
The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia,
Appendix, Tables 4, 7, 10.

wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight
‘s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross, accessed 1 Mar 2012. ‘The Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross (
Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes,
often simply
Ritterkreuz
) was a grade of the 1939 version of the 1813-created Iron Cross (
Eisernes Kreuz
)
.
The Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross was the highest award of Germany to recognize extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership during World War II. It was second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross (
Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes
) in the military order of the Third Reich.’

Adolf Galland,
wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Galland#High_command_.281941.E2
. 80.931945.29, accessed 1 March 2012.