Evening's Empire (New Studies in European History) (64 page)

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119.
Bekker,
World Bewitched
, p. 91. This theme is discussed by Rolf Reichardt, “Light against Darkness: The Visual Representations of a Central Enlightenment Concept,”
Representations
61 (
1998
): 95–148, though without reference to European views of the larger world.

9
Conclusion

1.
A. Roger Ekirch, “Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-Industrial Slumber in the British Isles,”
American Historical Review
106, 2 (
2001
): 343–86. See above
chapters 1
and
7.

2.
Aufgefangene Brieffe, welche Zwischen etzlichen curieusen Personen über den ietzigen Zustand der Staats und gelehrten Welt gewechselt worden
(Wahrenberg: J.G. Freymunden [actually Leipzig: Groschuff],
1701
), p. 890.

3.
“Von der Illuminations-Pracht und Mißbrauch / und hingegen von nützlichen und nöthigen Gebrauch der See-Lichter und Nacht-Laternen auch nunmehr zu Leipzig aufgesteckt.”

4.
Aufgefangene Brieffe
, p. 890:

Der Epicurer macht
Den Tag zu seiner Nacht.
Die Eitelkeit pflegt solches umzukehren.
Denn diese lässet sich bethoren /
Das sie die Nacht verwandelt in den Tag /
Und zwar durch die Illuminationen.
Wer aber nicht so viel vermag /
Daß er Wachslichter kan bezahlen /
Und will doch die Reichen prahlen /
Darneben gern auch mit schlampampen /
Der brennet Kühn / Oel-Funtzeln oder Lampen.
So weit ist nun die Thorheit eingerissen /
Daß ihr so gar die Armen folgen müssen /
Steckt mancher auch schon in den grössten Nöthen.
Das sind die Früchte der Solennitäten!
Den Unrath hat das Pabsthum erst erfunden /
Darüber wird das Land so sehr geschunden.
Es bleiebe wohl / wenn nur hierzu die Pfaffen
Das Geld / und nicht die Layen müsten schaffen.

5.
Victor Lieberman has argued convincingly that the combination of forced conformity in religion, the growth of the state’s disciplinary ambitions, and commerce tied to urban consumption shaped polities across Eurasia in a global early modern period. See his Introduction to
Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imagining Eurasia to c. 1830
, ed. Victor B. Lieberman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
1999
), p. 2: “between
c
. 1450 and 1670 societies across Southeast Asia experienced a commercial and urban vigor, a trend towards political absolutism, and an emphasis on orthodox, textual religions that in combination gave birth to an ‘Age of Commerce,’ also termed the “early modern period.” See also Victor Lieberman, “Transcending East–West Dichotomies: State and Culture Formation in Six Ostensibly Disparate Areas,” in
Beyond Binary Histories
, ed. Lieberman, pp. 19–102, esp. pp. 53–63, and Victor B. Lieberman,
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830
, vol.
II
,
Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands
(Cambridge University Press,
2009
).

6.
I.W. [i.e., John Walton], “To my worthy friend, Mr. Henry Vaughan the Silurist” (1678), in
The Works of Henry Vaughan
, ed. L.C. Martin, second edn. (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1957
), p. 620.

7.
André Félibien,
Tapisseries Du Roy, Ou Sont Representez Les Quatre Elemens Et Les Quatre Saisons. Avec Les devises Qvi Les Accompagnent Et Leur Explication = Königliche Französische Tapezereyen, Oder überaus schöne Sinn-Bilder, in welchen Die vier Element, samt den Vier Jahr-Zeiten … vorgestellet werden … Aus den Original-Kupffern nachgezeichnet
(Augsburg: Krauß / Koppmayer,
1690
), p. 2.

8.
See Paula McDowell,
The Women of Grub Street: Press, Politics, and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678–1730
(Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1998
), pp. 285–87.

9.
Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle,
Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes. Digression sur les anciens et les modernes
, ed. Robert Shackleton (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1955
), p. 107 (third evening).

10.
A missionary voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean, performed in the years 1796, 1797, 1798, in the ship Duff, commanded by Captain James Wilson. Compiled from journals of the officers and missionaries; and Illustrated with Maps, Charts, and Views … by a Committee Appointed for the Purpose by the Directors of the Missionary Society
(London: The Missionary Society, 1799), p. 3.

11.
Christa Bausch, “Das Nachtmythologem in der polynesischen Religion und seine Auswirkungen auf protestantische Missionstätigkeit,”
Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte
22 (
1970
): 244–66, and Christa Bausch, “
Po
and
Ao
. Analysis of an Ideological Conflict in Polynesia,”
Journal de la Société des Océanistes
34 (
1978
): 169–85.

12.
A missionary voyage to the Southern Pacific Ocean
, p. 240.

13.
William Wyatt Gill,
Jottings from the Pacific
(London: Religious Tract Society,
1885
), p. 21, describing travels in 1875.

14.
Bryan D. Palmer,
Cultures of Darkness: Night Travels in the Histories of Transgression, from Medieval to Modern
(New York: Monthly Review Press,
2000
), p. 454.

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