First Bite: How We Learn to Eat (41 page)
119
parenting styles:
Rhee et al. 2006.
119
indulgent feeding:
Vollmer and Mobley 2013.
119
habits for life:
Hoerr et al. 2009.
119
bodyweight in the children:
Huang et al. 2012.
120
hunger and fullness:
Carnell et al. 2011.
120
192 girls:
Fisher and Birch 2002.
121
emotional eaters:
Vollmer and Mobley 2013.
121
food when angry:
Topham et al. 2011.
121
“competent eater”:
“Ellyn Satter’s Division of Responsibility in Feeding,” Ellyn Satter Institute,
http://www.ellynsatterinstitute.org
, accessed December 2014.
122
introduced at six months:
Rapley and Murkett 2008; Rapley Weaning,
http://www.rapleyweaning.com
, accessed December 2014.
122
“things for themselves”:
Rapley and Murkett 2008.
123
“decisions for him”:
Gill Rapley, “Guidelines for Implementing a BabyLed Approach to the Introduction of Solid Foods,” June 2008,
http://www.rapleyweaning.com/assets/blw_guidelines.pdf
, accessed March 2016.
124
especially folate:
Rowan and Harris 2012.
124
self-feed at six months:
Wright et al. 2011.
125
“environment of school”:
Gold 1993.
125
school canteen:
Henry Dimbleby and John Vincent, “The School Food Plan,”
http://www.schoolfoodplan.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/School_Food_Plan_2013.pdf
, accessed March 2015.
125
calcium than school lunches:
Farris et al. 2014.
126
lunchbox kids:
“School Meals Help Fussy Children Try New Foods,” Children’s Food Trust,
http://www.childrensfoodtrust.org.uk/news-and-events/news/school-meals-help-fussy-children-try-new-foods
, accessed December 2014.
126
“portion size”:
Itoh 2011.
Chapter 5: Brothers and Sisters
129
regardless of family income:
Levin and Kirby 2012.
130
resemble their parents:
Pliner and Pelchat 1986.
130
“moderately similar”:
De Leeuw et al. 2007.
131
microbes in the gut:
Smith et al. 2013b; see also “Debugging the Problem,”
The Economist,
February 2, 2013.
132
“any country in the world”:
Rukmini Shrinivasan, “India Deadliest Place in the World for Girl Child,”
Times of India
, February 1, 2012,
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-deadliest-place-in-world-for-girl-child/articleshow/11707102.cms
, accessed December 2014.
132
103 males for every 100 females:
Pande 2003.
132
“ensure her recovery”:
Ibid.
132
how badly girls were fed:
Ibid.
133
worthy of food:
Ibid.
134
“fear, chance”:
Weber 1981.
135
“set themselves with meals”:
Ibid.
136
better educated, and better fed:
Fong 2004.
136
“gets his cake”:
Sandler 2013.
136
outlook to other children:
Laybourn 1994.
136
immature sibling:
Sandler 2013.
136
one or more siblings:
Mentioned in Coates 1996.
136
“eat them”:
Quoted in Pitkeathley and Emerson 1994.
138
part of the culture:
Bourdieu 1986.
139
fruits and grapes:
Brillat-Savarin 2009.
139
washing, and cooking:
Bourdieu 1986.
139
bitterly, in 1994:
Cathro and Hilliam 1994.
139
fulfilling family life:
Conley and Glauber 2007.
140
girls were overweight:
Blisset et al. 2006; but see also Hendy and Williams 2012 for the suggestion that parents do not always feed children of different sexes differently.
140
five-year period:
Bauer et al. 2011.
140
can be measured:
Hammons and Fiese 2011; Valdes et al. 2012.
141
encourage them to diet:
Armstrong and Janicke 2012.
141
courteous families:
Neumark-Sztainer et al. 2010.
141
overweight after five years:
Bauer et al. 2011.
142
“flying saucer”:
Slater 2004.
142
plum wine:
“Holding Back Half the Nation,”
The Economist
, March 29, 2014.
142
whole extra meal:
“How Many Calories Do Teenagers Need?” NHS Choices, UK,
http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-many-calories-do-teenagers-need.aspx?CategoryID=51&SubCategoryID=165
, accessed September 2014.
143
remembering them:
Köster 2003.
143
crepes were womanly:
Discussed in Ueland 2007.
144
differed according to gender:
Wansink et al. 2003.
144
“appropriate”:
For gender stereotypes of food in Japan, see Kimura et al. 2009, 2012.
144
masculine sort of food:
Komatsu 2008.
144
too expensive for them:
Martens 1997.
145
cognitive function:
Eftekhari et al. 2009.
145
girls of the same age:
Hercberg et al. 2001.
145
19.5 percent:
Wei Xia et al. 2012.
145
followed by red meats:
Sharon Perkins, “How Often Should You Eat Liver for Iron Intake?,” SFGate,
http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/should-eat-liver-iron-intake-3367.html
, accessed September 2014.
146
non-dieting meat-eaters:
Nelson 1996, 362.
146
27.8 percent of the normal-weight girls:
Eftekhari et al. 2009.
146
metabolizing fatty acids:
Ibid.
147
attended in October 2013:
Dr. Laura Stewart, “An Update on Obesity in the U.K. Young,” paper presented at Nutrition and Health Live conference, London, 2013.
148
“strong kid”:
Jain et al. 2001.
148
more common in men than in women:
Kuchler and Variyam 2003.
148
“biomedically obese”:
Howard et al. 2008.
149
11 percent of the men:
Rozin et al. 2003.
149
being weighed in public:
Geier and Rozin 2008.
149
majority of postpubescent girls:
Rodin et al. 1985.
149
do not manage it:
Ueland 2007.
150
question of healthy eating:
Cited in Groves 2002.
150
twice as many boys are obese:
Sirikulchayanonta et al. 2010.
150
Syria or Libya:
Musaiger et al. 2012.
150
fatty cooking water:
John Platt, “In Kuwait, 88% Overweight and Stomach Stapling Becoming the Norm,” July 19, 2012, Mother Nature Network,
http://www.mnn.com/food/healthy-eating/stories/in-kuwait-88-overweight-and-stomach-stapling-becoming-the-norm
, accessed June 2015.
150
“compelled to stop too”:
Roden 1968.
151
Kuwaiti boys:
Musaiger at al. 2013.
151
men and women were equal:
Botz-Bornstein and Abdullah-Khan 2014.
151
“size on the other”:
Musaiger et al. 2013.
153
“relationship with chocolate”:
Urbick 2011.
153
undermined by a recent study:
Hormes and Rozin 2009.
154
Spain and the United States:
Osman and Sobal 2006.
154
men feeling guilty:
Kuijer and Boyce 2014.
Chapter 6: Hunger
155
not ready for learning:
Share Our Strength, “Not Enough Kids Are Eating School Breakfast,” No Kid Hungry,
http://www.nokidhungry.org/back-to-school/
, accessed June 2015.
156
$9,175 as of 2014:
“The Impact of Hunger,” Feeding America,
http://www.feedingamerica.org/hunger-in-america/impact-of-hunger/hunger-and-poverty/
, accessed December 2014.
158
Florida in the 1960s:
Ficker and Graves 1971, 44.
158
consequences are irreversible:
“Hunger Statistics,” World Food Programme,
http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats
, accessed December 2014.
158
insecurity, too:
Cutts et al. 2011.
159
seventy pounds:
Stevens Bryant 1913, 219.
160
quieted with feeding:
Carlson 1993, 6.
160
sensation of hunger:
Mattes 1990, 2010.
161
despite the gap:
Mattes 2010.
161
weekday breakfast time:
Ibid.
161
hunger and fullness:
De Graaf et al. 2004.
161
small intestine:
Ibid.
162
continuously monitored:
Kovacs et al. 2002.
162
stomach is distended:
Kissileff et al. 2003.
163
fall significantly:
De Graaf et al. 2004.
163
never experience hunger:
Benelam 2009.
163
reducing appetite:
Ibid.
163
system increase:
De Graaf et al. 2004.
163
grains of wheat:
Carlson 1993.
164
University of Minnesota:
Keys et al. 1950.
164
water and spices:
Brožek 1953.
165
plenty to eat:
Hoefling et al. 2009.
166
called Plumpy’Nut:
Rice 2010.
166
field-tested it in 2001:
“Peanut Butter That Saves Lives,” Future Food 2050,
http://futurefood2050.com/peanut-butter-that-saves-lives/
, accessed December 2014.
167
15 percent “wasted”:
“Child and Mother Nutrition Survey of Bangladesh,” 2005, UNICEF,
http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/Child_and_Mother_Nutrition_Survey.pdf
, accessed April 2015.
167
“locally produced food”:
Conversation with author, March 2014.
167
Plumpy’Nut among parents and children:
Ali et al. 2013.
171
starting to feel full:
Benelam 2009.
172
“filling-in foods”:
Cathro and Hilliam 1994.
172
they are forbidden:
Paltrow 2013.
172
“preloads” of various nutrients:
See, for example, Yeomans and Chambers 2011.