First Bite: How We Learn to Eat (39 page)
Introduction
xiv
tribes of Tanzania:
Jelliffe 1962.
xiv
called kiss-feeding:
De Sa et al. 2013.
xv
“
. . .
unhealthy eating habits”:
Cornwell and McAlister 2011.
xvi
household air pollution:
Lim et al. 2012.
xvi
get us hooked:
Moss 2014.
xvii
men joining them:
Hoek and Hoeken 2003.
xvii
“preoccupied” with weight:
Rozin et al. 2003.
xviii
demon was sugar:
Lustig et al. 2012; Lustig 2014; Pollan 2008; Walsh 2013.
xviii
advised to give up:
Teicholz 2014.
xix
on average, the same:
Nestle et al. 1998, S51;
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1994; Stephen and Wald 1990.
xix
low-fat route or a low-carb one:
Katz and Meller 2014.
xix
“to swallow it”:
Katz 2014.
xix
compared to other foods:
Walsh 2013.
xx
described as “new”:
Köster and Mojet 2007.
xx
“Mostly plants”:
Pollan 2008.
xx
plus zinc and iron:
Garcia et al. 2009.
xx
than the general population:
Wilkinson et al. 2014.
xxi
“at will”:
Hare 2010.
xxi
specific foods is learned:
Wise 2006.
xxii
“wanting and intake”:
Drewnowksi et al. 2012.
xxiii
normal life-span:
Lustig et al. 2012.
xxiv
post-ingestive conditioning:
Leigh Gibson 2001.
xxiv
brain with motivation:
Ibid.; Wise 2006.
xxiv
anticipate the reward:
Wise 2006.
xxiv
33,xxvi learning experiences with food:
Leigh Gibson 2001.
xxv
sense of festal joy:
Cornwell and McAlister 2011.
xxvi
when we are twenty:
Unusan 2006.
xxvii
visits a year in the United States:
“Constipation,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, Health Library,
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/conditions/digestive_disorders/constipation_85,P00363/
, accessed November 2014.
xxvii
pain to pleasure:
Rozin and Schiller 1980.
xxviii
diminishing returns:
Baumeister et al. 1998.
xxix
yogurt to their own:
Köster
et al. 2001.
xxx
“through experience”:
Köster ٢٠٠٩.
xxxi
80 percent of supermarket foods: That Sugar Film
, directed by Damon Gameau, produced by Madman Production Company, 2015.
xxxi
separately from their main course:
Meiselman 2006, 183–184.
Chapter 1: Likes and Dislikes
2
“smothered in whipped cream”:
Rozin and Vollmecke 1986, 435.
2
distinction between “wanting”
. . .
and “liking”:
See Havermans 2011; Berridge 2009; and Castro and Berridge 2014.
3
“commensurate ‘liking’”:
Berridge 2009.
3
“highly entangled”:
See, for example, Havermans 2011; Wise 2006.
3
also wanted less:
Berridge 2009.
3
once liked them so much:
Wise 2006.
4
blind to them:
Catanzano et al. 2013; Kaminski et al. 2000; Tepper 2008.
4
actually enjoy eating:
Llewellyn et al. 2010.
4
handed so early:
Hales and Barker 2001.
5
what tasted good:
Strauss 2006.
5
full list of foods:
Davis 1939.
6
“correction of his manners”:
Ibid.
7
“under our eyes”:
Ibid.
7
two pounds of them one day:
Davis 1928.
8
bone density:
Strauss 2006.
8
omnivores all their lives:
Scheindlin 2005. Stephen Strauss conducted an interview with Donald’s widow in 2001 that confirmed he was always a “good eater” (email from Strauss to author, July 2014).
8
what their bodies need:
See, for example, Goldberg 1990; Planck 2007; Spock 1946. See Birch 1999 for a refutation of the conclusion that Davis’s work supports the “wisdom of the body.”
10
“which appetite is a part”:
Davis 1939.
10
1930s onward:
Scheindlin 2005; see also Bentley 2006, 72–74.
10
“variety and balance”:
Spock 1946.
10
let them eat cornflakes!:
Hirschmann and Zaphiropoulos 1985.
10
“choose a balanced diet”:
“A Modern Take on the Clara M. Davis Paper,” Baby Led Weaning,
http://www.babyledweaning.com/features/random-stuff/a-modern-take-on-the-clara-m-davis-paper/
, accessed November 2014.
11
they lost weight:
Leigh Gibson 2001.
11
correct food died:
Rozin 1969.
11
different matter:
Leigh Gibson 2001, 203.
12
both boys and girls:
Faith et al. 2006, 2012.
12
thing you want to eat:
Prescott 2012, 175–176.
12
nonidentical twins:
Fildes et al. 2014.
12
variation in foods eaten:
Breen et al. 2006.
12
determining food habits:
Fallon et al. 1984.
12
recoil from it at the dinner table:
Wardle and Cook 2010.
12
regardless of their genes:
Sullivan and Birch 1990.
12
“Where are you from?”:
Rozin and Vollmecke 1986, 437.
14
“permanently inedible”:
Rozin 2006.
14
green brassicas:
Yotam Ottolenghi, “Sweet Sensations: Yotam Ottolenghi’s Brussels Sprout Recipes,”
The Guardian
, January 17, 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jan/17/brussels-sprout-recipes-yotam-ottolenghi
.
14
hatred
. . .
of green vegetables?:
Tepper 2008.
15
gene to taste them:
Bartoshuk 2000; Dinehart et al. 2006; Duffy et al. 2004.
15
more bitter and less sweet:
Dinehart et al. 2006.
15
either in children or adults:
See, for example, Anliker et al. 1991.
16
“wine drinkers indeed”:
Jancis Robinson, “The PROP Test and Reactions to It,” December 22, 2006,
http://www.jancisrobinson.com/articles/the-prop-test-and-reactions-to-it
,
accessed December 2014.
16
larger quantity than tasters did:
Discussed in Tepper 2008.
16
differences between tasters and nontasters:
Feeney et al. 2014.
17
salad dressing, and mayonnaise:
Catanzaro et al. 2013.
17
“ever take a bite”:
Ibid.
17
radius of where the child lived:
Burd et al. 2013.
18
“weren’t supposed to like vegetables”: Conversation with the author, October 2013.
19
coined by Robert Zajonc in 1968:
Zajonc 1968.
19
Brie over Camembert:
Zajonc 1980. See also Zajonc and Markus 1982 for a discussion of how “mere exposure” plays out in food preferences.
19
“never tried it!”:
Birch and Marlin 1982.
19
group of 70 American eight-year-olds:
Skinner et al. 2002.
21
overjustification effect: Prescott 2012.
21
plateful of spiders:
Ibid.
22
children’s likes and dislikes:
Russell and Worsley 2013.
23
Cooke’s research:
Añez et al. 2012; Carnell et al. 2011; Cooke et al. 2011; Wardle et al. 2003a, 2003b; Wardle and Cooke 2008, 2010.
24
tend to miss it:
Harris 2008.
24
once-preferred carrot puree:
Maier et al. 2007.
24
purees at four months:
Coulthard et al. 2014.
25
six months after birth:
“UK Breastfeeding Rates,” The Baby Friendly Initiative, UNICEF UK homepage,
http://www.unicef.org.uk/BabyFriendly/About-Baby-Friendly/Breastfeeding-in-the-UK/UK-Breastfeeding-rates/
, accessed March 2015.
25
18.8 percent:
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Breastfeeding Report Card: United States / 2014,”
http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/pdf/2014breastfeedingreportcard.pdf
,
accessed March 2015.
25
stronger flavors for later:
Karmel 1991, 22.
26
“Tiny Tastes”: “The Research Behind Tiny Tastes,”
Weight Concern
,
http://www.weightconcern.org.uk/tinytastes
, accessed November 2014.
27
severe feeding difficulties:
Ernsperger and Stegen-Hanson 2004.
27
foods that they find acceptable:
Schreck et al. 2004; Ernsperger and Stegen-Hanson 2004.
28
limited repertoire:
Paul et al. 2007.
30
“life is grand”:
Duncker 1941.
30
poor district of the city:
Duncker 1938.
31
sixty-nine separate experiments:
Cruwys et al. 2015.
32
Jewish woman:
Schnall 2007.
32
“vital domain as food?”:
Duncker 1938.
33
“came to like it”:
Ibid.
33
age of thirty-seven:
Schnall 2007.
35
“too intense”:
Zeinstra et al. 2009.
35
bored by simplicity:
Köster and Mojet 2006; Lévy et al. 2006.
Chapter 2: Memory
39
“like dirt”:
Spieler 2014.
40
nasal cavity:
Small et al. 2005.
40
taste disorder:
“
How Many People Suffer from Anosmia?,”
2003, Anosmia Foundation,
http://www.anosmiafoundation.com/suffer.shtml
, accessed March 2015.
40
pane of glass:
Conversation with author, January 2014.
41
“
‘Who am I?’”:
Our Changing Taste
, March 2013, BBC,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01r95hj
, accessed November 2014.
41
willingly took it:
Rozin et al. 1998.
41
“little tight”:
Ibid.
42
same gratification:
Leigh Gibson 2001.