First Bite: How We Learn to Eat (40 page)
42
“desire is lost”:
Wise 2006.
42
students and their mothers:
Unusan 2006.
43
even in the first week:
Steiner 1979.
44
amniotic fluid tasted:
Schaal et al. 2000.
44
smelled garlicky:
Mennella et al. 1995.
44
exaggerated taste for sweetness:
Gen-Hua Zhang et al. 2011.
44
diet during lactation:
Gugusheff et al. 2013.
44
preferences for certain foods:
Mennella and Beauchamp 1991, 1993; Mennella et al. 1995, 2005.
45
Beauchamp puts it:
“Bad Eating Habits Start in the Womb,”
New York Times
, December 1, 2013.
45
early stages of eating:
Dr. Lucy Cooke, “Understanding Young Children’s Food Preferences,” paper presented at Nutrition and Health Live conference, London, 2013.
45
different hydrolysate formulas:
Beauchamp and Mennella 2011.
46
essence in each bottle:
Salen 1940.
46
baby rejects the bottle:
“Vanilla Natural Flavoring in Babies Bottles,” Baby Centre,
http://community.babycentre.co.uk/post/a23870045/vanilla_natural_flavoring_in_babies_bottles
, accessed June 2015.
46
city of Wenzhou:
Yan Shen et al. 2014.
47
“like candy”: Susan Donaldson James, “Chocolate Toddler ‘Formula’ Pulled After Sugar Uproar,” June 10, 2010, ABC News,
http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Diabetes/mead-johnson-drops-chocolate-flavored-emfagrow-parent-uproar/story?id=10876301
, accessed November 2014.
47
postwar years:
Haller et al. 1999.
47
trying to appeal to:
Lobstein 1988.
48
another person’s sweat:
Lee and Sobel 2010.
48
“designed not to forget”: Levin Pelchat and Blank 2001.
49
“higher concentration”:
Malnic et al. 1999.
50
brain’s unique flavor system:
Shepherd 2012.
50
“resemble any other”:
Ibid.
52
“slice of the moon”:
Shephard 2001.
53
“childhood gatherings”:
Thompson 2001.
55
“chocolate more delicious”:
Prescott 2012.
55
“burning of the lips”:
Sutton 2001.
56
“‘white gold’ to me”:
Ibid.
56
“around forever”:
Carafoli 2001.
56
“stuffed cabbage”:
Mendelson 2013.
58
“administer the anaesthetic”:
Blumenthal 2009.
58
everyone could detect it:
Blake 2001; Dalton et al. 259.
59
“summers of my youth”:
Patterson 2013.
59
“re-create a Twinkie”:
Patterson, conversation with author, February 2014.
60
“home from school”:
Sutton 2001.
62
“doesn’t even taste good”:
Bittman 2013.
64
“never quenched”:
Dutton 1906.
64
and rising: Global Ice Cream
, October 2014, MarketLine Industry Profile.
Chapter 3: Children’s Food
66
“food we disliked”:
Quoted in Clifton and Spencer 1993.
66
pudding’s role as food for children:
Hecht 1912, 1913.
67
“letter box”:
McMillan and Sanderson 1909.
67
beef and lentils:
Stevens Bryant 1913.
67
Manchester grammar school’s dessert menu:
Hecht 1912.
69
never ate it:
Ibid., 89.
69
“stupid feeding”:
McMillan and Sanderson 1909.
70
“must not suffer”:
Crowley 1909.
70
“better than any other”:
Hecht 1913.
71
“would recoil”:
Rowley Leigh, “Recipe: Rice Pudding,”
Financial Times
, December 6, 2013,
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/fceef972-5c6b-11e3-931e-00144feabdc0.html#slide0
.
71
“thankful for it”: Evening News,
May 14, 1912.
73
“ ‘ill taste’”:
Culpeper 1662.
73
make them stubborn:
Visser 1991, 46.
74
“held on the knees”:
Washington 2008.
74
“protein starvation”:
Crowley 1909.
74
lunchtime pennies:
Stevens Bryant 1913.
75
0.6 grams of protein:
Ibid.
75
“pound a week”:
Pember Reeves 1994.
75
“remains of adult food”:
Ibid.
76
“two meals in the day”:
Ibid.
76
stale tea:
Hecht 1913, 310.
76
particularly fruit:
Pooley 2009, 2010.
77
sweet grapes, and melons:
Albala 2002.
78
tiny stomachs:
Hardyment 1995.
78
“adult people”:
Dutton 1906, 15.
78
“children are brought up”:
Ibid., 17.
79
could save lives:
Ibid., 23.
79
cookbook of 1874:
Clark 1874.
79
published in 1894:
Holt 1923.
80
child was eleven:
Ibid.
81
“through a cullender”:
Rundell 1827.
81
“opening” in its effects:
Pooley 2009, 2010.
81
account of the orange peel:
Pritchard 1909.
82
dry rusks:
Hecht 1912, 304–305.
82
“plain vegetables”:
David 282.
82
“evil-smelling”:
Clifton and Spencer 1993.
84
“homemade custard or milk pudding”:
Quoted in Hardyment 1995, 264.
84
chain restaurants in 2001:
Boorstin 2001.
85
“gummy worm”:
Ibid.
85
version of French fries:
Groves 2002.
86
“perhaps even deadly”:
Kawash 2013.
86
teddy bears or ghosts:
Cathro and Hilliam 1994.
87
health message:
Castonguay et al. 2013.
87
“amusing a child with food”:
Groves 2002, 119.
87
twistable, stringable, or dunkable:
Elliott 2008.
87
cheese sauce in the pack:
Hilliam 1996.
87
“for them”:
Urbick 2000, 65.
88
sachet of ketchup:
Wilson 2002.
88
wish was for “control”:
Urbick 2011, 219.
88
“adding milk gives the child control”:
Ibid.
88
choose their own yogurts:
Urbick 2000, 11.
88
previous day:
Lobstein 1988, 40.
89
egg yolk stirred in:
Ibid., 48.
89
“‘serve what their children eat’”:
Williams 2011, 135.
89
US kids’ menus:
Jennings 2009.
89
rejected unfamiliar dishes: Associated Press, “Some Schools Drop Out of New Healthy Federal Lunch Program, Citing Small Portions and Foods Kids Won’t Eat,”
New York Daily News
, August 28, 2013,
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/schools-drop-new-healthy-federal-lunch-program-article-1.1439576
, accessed June 2015.
90
“contraband nature”:
Zoe Williams, “Anti-natal,”
The Guardian
, January 30, 2009,
http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2009/jan/30/family1
, accessed March 2015.
91
change their food habits:
See Wansink 2002.
91
“not good for them”:
Mead 1943.
92
drawing room with the grown-ups:
David 2000.
93
“retained in most countries”:
Popkin 2006.
94
sixty-nine children and seventy mothers:
Skinner et al. 2002.
95
secret tomb:
Humble 2010.
Chapter 4: Feeding
99
some organic cause:
Cole and Lanham 2011.
99
wrong in the child’s care:
Block and Krebs 2005.
99
abuse in their own past:
Weston and Colloton 1993.
104
to and from school:
Goh 2009.
105
districts of Beijing:
Jiang Jingxiong et al. 2007.
105
“feeding her so much”:
Ibid.
106
“those still growing”:
Hecht 1912, 33–34.
106
low in the spring:
Prentice 2001.
106
chubby ones:
Ibid.; Hales and Barker 2001.
106
“if the child is fat”:
Jiang Jingxiong et al. 2007.
106
ripe for pinching:
Baldeesh Rai, “Asian Diets and Cardiovascular Disease,” paper presented at Nutrition and Health Live conference, London, 2013.
107
44.2 percent in the United States:
Ng et al. 2014.
107
“quite an achievement”:
French and Crabbe 2010.
108
“wouldn’t recognize as food”:
Pollan 2008.
108
behavior merited treats:
Jiang Jingxiong et al. 2007.
109
“feelings of disgust”:
Beecher 1986.
110
“placed in life”:
Ibid.
111
maize called
eko: Bentley et al. 2011.
112
“traditional feeding practices”:
Birch 1998, 1999; Birch and Anzman 2010.
112
“forced consumption”:
Batsell et al. 2002.
113
“forced to eat”:
Holt 1923.
113
“child’s progress” in eating:
Hubble and Blake 1944, 447.
114
“cold steel”:
Clifton and Spencer 1993.
115
forced to eat food:
Batsell et al. 2002.
115
get their children to eat:
Carnell et al. 2011.
116
sometimes they were not:
Galloway et al. 2006.
116
“It’s so annoying”:
Ibid.
118
weigh more as adults:
Discussed in Vollmer and Mobley 2013.
118
predictor of obesity:
Ibid.
119
parental BMI:
Tovar et al. 2012.
119
higher weight in children:
Vollmer and Mobley 2013.