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Chapter 5‌
ParenthoodOlanma Ogbuehi
University of Hull, Hull, UK
Jacqui Powell
Women and Children’s Hospital, Hull, UK
Learning outcomesBy the end of this chapter the reader will be able to:

explain different definitions of mother and father and describe different family structures

define the role of the midwife in support of mothers and fathers

explain key health and social considerations in childbearing across the lifespan of women

describe major contributing factors to the health of the population of childbearing women andtheir babies

recognise and respond to different parenting styles using sound evidence.
Introduction
This chapter offers a brief overview of parenthood and its centrality to midwifery practice. Thescope of midwifery practice as it relates to motherhood and parenthood in general is explained. The focus is on motherhood, with some consideration of fatherhood. Definitions of parenthood and the boundaries of parenthood are discussed, in terms of biology capability and assisted reproduction. Different family structures are described, into which babies are born, in the United Kingdom. Challenges faced by younger mothers, older mothers and disabled parents are con- sidered. Different parenting styles are also described. The role of the midwife in supporting parents through the childbearing period is discussed throughout, in relation to the main areas of content.Midwifery, by definition, focuses on the role of women at that stage in life when they embark on motherhood. A midwife is:
. . . a responsible and accountable professional who works in partnership with women to give the necessary support, care and advice during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period,
Fundamentals of Midwifery: A Textbook for Students
, First Edition. Edited by Louise Lewis.© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion website: www.wileyfundamentalseries.com/midwifery
to conduct births on the midwife’s own responsibility and to provide care for the newborn and the infant . . .
(International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) 2011)
The United Kingdom’s (UK) Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2012, p. 15) determines that midwives should ensure the primacy of the ‘
needs of the woman and her baby
’,
and
work in:
. . . partnership with the woman and her family providing safe, responsive, compassionate
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care in an appropriate environment to facilitate her physical and emotional care throughout childbirth . . .
‘Childbirth’ covers the antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal periods (NMC 2012) encompass- ing the care of the baby. Midwives use their ‘ . . . skills to refer to and coordinate between any specialist services that may be required . . . ’ (Department of Health/Partnerships for Children, Families and Maternity 2007, p. 15). Furthermore, the midwife’s scope of practice incorporates ‘
preparation for parenthood
’ (ICM 2011). Therefore, parenthood and more specifically, mother- hood is the core focus of midwifery and fundamental to midwifery practice.
Parenthood
A parent is either a person who biologically brings forth offspring and has a relationship ofnurturance towards them during their development to maturity and social independence, or a parent is someone who takes on the role of nurturance of a child through maturation to social independence, at some point following their birth. Parenthood has biological, social, ethical and legal dimensions and is a subset of a larger whole – the family – itself a subset of society. Smith (2010) considers that parenting constitutes a significant life transition in the majority of people which begins either prior to, or during pregnancy and continues throughout life. It is acknowl- edged that the word‘
family
’ may have a number of definitions (see Chapter 3:‘Sociology applied to maternity care’, where family and society are discussed in greater depth). Giddens’ (2009) definition of a family as a group of people bonded by ties of kinship, in which adults care for children, is helpful. Kinship between individuals may be established through genetic descent: that is blood relations – fathers, mothers, siblings and offspring (consanguines), or through marriage (affines) (Giddens 2009; Chambers 2012).A traditionalist model of the family is centred on marriage between a man and a woman (Fulcher and Scott 2007; see Figure 5.1). Historically, sociological ideas about the family and kinship in the mid 1800s were drawn from anthropology, which was predominantly concerned with ideas of biological relatedness (Chambers 2012). In Western Europe and America these views of marriage and family life were heavily influenced by the Judeo-Christian worldview: the 1662 Anglican Book of Common Prayer explains marriage as a creation ordinance given by God, for purposes including the procreation and nurture of children, closeness, companionship and exclusive sexual intimacy between a man and a woman (Christian Institute nd; Church of England, 2014).Sociologically, by the 1850s, marriage was conceived as an institution biologically determined to meet the needs of procreation and childrearing; this involved a protracted period of depend- ence on parents by their offspring, within marriage, where the nurturance and training of these children would occur (Chambers 2012). In the mid 20th century, sociologists favoured the concept of the ‘nuclear family’ (see Figure 5.2) comprising of a married couple – mother, father and their children – for the period of time in which the offspring lived at home (Cheal 2002). The boundaries of this family were formed by the walls of their accommodation and societal
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Figure 5.1
Marriage was the foundation of the ‘traditional’ nuclear family in the Western world.
Figure 5.2
A traditional, nuclear family unit, consisting of father, mother and child.consensus agreements not to interfere with these private arrangements. Such households were considered to be the basic units of production, including food preparation (Cheal 2002). Bottero (2011) argues that the North West European pattern of marriage (excepting Ireland), between the 14th and mid-18th centuries was characterised by: