God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (37 page)

48.
[>]
   
One English essayist recalls:
Charles Moore, “The Spectator’s Notes,”
Spectator,
February 19, 2011.
The Dominicans preached everywhere . . . As one historian concludes:
M. Michele Mulcahey, “
Summae Inquisitorum
and the Art of Disputation: How the Early Dominican Order Trained Its Inquisitors,” in
Praedicatores, Inquisitores,
Acts of the 1st International Seminar on the Dominicans and the Inquisition, 2002, pp. 145–156.

49.
[>]
   
its members came to be known:
Edward Peters, “Quoniam abundavit iniquitas: Dominicans as Inquisitors, Inquisitors as Dominicans,”
Catholic Historical Review
, vol. 91, no. 1 (2005), pp. 105–121.
[>]
   
“just as all diseases”:
Gui,
The Inquisitor’s Guide,
p. 31.
[>]
   
“It must be noted”:
Gui,
The Inquisitor’s Guide,
p. 71.

50.
[>]
   
granted wide latitude to inquisitors:
Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages,
vol. 1, pp. 424–429.
Half a millennium later:
Joseph Abrams, “Despite Reports, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Was Not Waterboarded 183 Times,” Fox News, April 28, 2009.
[>]
   
current and historical interrogation practices:
Educing Information,
Intelligence Science Board, National Defense Intelligence College, Washington, D.C., 2006.

51.
[>]
   
It warns interrogators:
FM 2-22.3
.
Human Intelligence Collector Operations,
Department of the Army, 2006, section 9-6.
he might sit with a large stack of documents:
Morellet,
Abrege du Manuel des Inquisiteurs,
pp. 100–101.
[>]
   
“file and dossier approach”:
FM 2-22.3
,
section 8–15.
Another technique suggested by Eymerich:
Morellet,
Manuel des Inquisiteurs,
p. 99.

52.
[>]
   
when the interrogator senses the source is vulnerable:
FM 2-22.3
section 8-17.
[>]
   
Another way to break the impasse:
Morellet,
Manuel des Inquisiteurs,
p. 102.
[>]
   
“rapid-fire interrogation”:
FM 2-22.3
, section 8-16.
Eymerich writes a script:
Morellet,
Manuel des Inquisiteurs,
p. 101.

53.
[>]
   
the “emotional-futility” approach:
FM 2-22.3,
section 8-13, 8-14.
[>]
   
torture techniques developed very early:
Guilaine and Zammit,
The Origins of War,
pp. 56–60.
[>]
   
“Torture him, how?”:
Aristophanes,
The Frogs,
lines 624–628.
[>]
   
Mexican drug cartel:
Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees,
CNN, March 26, 2009.

54.
[>]
   
Torture had been used . . . clear and definitive end point:
Peters,
Torture
, pp. 40–46.

56.
laid down more rules than civil magistrates did:
This was true for the Medieval, Spanish, and Roman Inquisitions. See, for instance, Peters,
Inquisition
, p. 92; Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 172; and Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 146–147.
if inquisitors absolved one another:
Peters,
Torture
, p. 236.
“mature and careful deliberation”:
Lea,
History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages,
vol. 1, p. 424.
[>]
   
“intensely moral places”:
Michael Ignatieff, “The Truth About Torture,”
New Republic,
December 9, 1985.

57.
[>]
   
“I’d cut down every law”:
Bolt, A
Man For All Seasons
, p. 66.
The landscape of Montaillou:
Weiss,
The Yellow Cross,
pp. 21–23.

58.
[>]
   
The inquisitor was Jacques Fournier:
The particulars of the investigation and the history of Fournier’s Register are concisely laid out in Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou
, pp. vii–xvii.
[>]
   
Bernard Gui showed up to watch:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
p. xiii.

59.
[>]
   
“rock star” . . . compared his youthful looks:
Cantor,
Inventing the Middle Ages,
p. 165.

60.
[>]
   
the fingernails of the dead:
Le Roy Ladurie, Montaillou, p. 31.
[>]
   
a night of passion:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
p. 159.
[>]
   
a pithily nihilistic philosopher:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
p. 171.

61.
[>]
   
In Lent, toward vespers:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
pp. 8–9.
[>]
   
Ms. Lewinsky called Ms. Currie:
Starr,
The Starr Report,
p. 126.

62.
[>]
   
Straight away I made love:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
p. 167.
[>]
   
At the White House:
Starr,
The
Starr Report,
pp. 66–68.
[>]
   
When Pierre Clergue:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montallou,
p. 173.
[>]
   
She also showed him an email:
Starr,
The Starr Report,
p. 108.

64.
[>]
   
Papal inquisitors were involved:
Read,
The Templars,
pp. 265–266.
[>]
   
“according to ecclesiastical constitutions”:
Read,
The Templars,
p. 290; Barber,
The Trial of the Templars
, p. 198.

3. Queen of Torments

65.
[>]
   
The most ardent defenders of justice:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 163.
[>]
   
“I wish to interrogate him!”:
Rowling,
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix,
p. 745.
[>]
   
In Leonard Bernstein’s version: Candide (1956), lyrics by Richard Wilbur and John Latouche.
(1956), lyrics by Richard Wilbur and John Latouche.

66.
[>]
   
the final justice of God:
Maureen Flynn, “Mimesis of the Last Judgment: The Spanish Auto de Fe,”
Sixteenth Century Journal,
vol. 22, no. 2 (1991), pp. 281–297.
[>]
   
The living prisoners wore: Anderson,
Daily Life During the Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 73–74.
Anderson, Daily Life During the Spanish Inquisition, pp. 73–74.
[>]
   
the scene in Seville . . . carried off by plague:
The events surrounding the first auto-da-fé of the Spanish Inquisition are described in a number of sources, including Roth,
The Spanish Inquisition,
pp. 41–46; Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of Spain,
vol. 1, pp. 163–164; Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 47.
Hojeda produced a report:
Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 19.

67.
an American tourist named Aaron Stigman:
Henry Roth, “The Surveyor,”
The New Yorker,
August 6, 1966.
[>]
   
“They’d have me burned at the stake”:
Coulter,
Godless: The Church of Liberalism,
p. 184.
[>]
   
it enjoyed the positive reinforcement:
Lea,
A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages,
vol. 1, p. 223.
[>]
   
brought on by heat stroke:
http://www.stjoancenter.com/topics/Death_by_Heat_Stroke.html

68.
[>]
   
might die from smoke inhalation: Merritt M. Birky and Frederic B. Clarke, “Inhalation of Toxic Products From Fires,”
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine,
vol. 57, no. 10 (December 1981), 997–1013.
Merritt M. Birky and Frederic B. Clarke, “Inhalation of Toxic Products From Fires,” Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 57, no. 10 (December 1981), 997–1013.
[>]
   
the simple act of breathing:
Bruce M. Achauer, M.D., et al., “Pulmonary Complications of Burns,”
Annals of Surgery,
vol. 177, no. 3 (March 1973), pp. 311–319.
[>]
   
exhausted the available oxygen:
James B. Terrill, et al., “Toxic Gases From Fires,”
Science,
vol. 200, no. 23 (June 1978), pp. 1343–1347.
[>]
   
catastrophic damage to nerves and tissue:
Prahlow,
Forensic Pathology,
pp. 488, 496; Robert R. Frantz, “Firestorms and Wildfires,” in Hogan and Burstein, eds.,
Disaster Medicine,
p. 230.
Michael Servetus . . . endured a lingering death: Lawrence and Nancy Goldstone,
Out of the Flames
, pp. 3–4.
Lawrence and Nancy Goldstone, Out of the Flames, pp. 3–4.
[>]
   
a bag of gunpowder:
John Tedeschi, “A New Perspective on the Roman Inquisition,” in Bujanda,
Le Controle des Idées à la Renaissance,
pp. 25–26.
solicitation of sex by clergy:
A detailed recent study of the subject, based on the records of more than 200 cases heard by tribunals of the Spanish Inquisition, is Stephen Haliczer’s
Sexuality in the Confessional
.

69.    
constituting perhaps 2 percent of the population:
Population figures as a whole for this period are inexact, and establishing the size of subpopulations is problematic. Estimates of the Jewish population as a percentage of the Spanish population tend to vary between 1 and 3 percent. See Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit
, pp. 73–74; Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition
, p. 8.
[>]
   
the etymology is not certain:
Netanyahu,
The Marranos of Spain
, p. 59 (fn 153).
[>]
   
a vast computerized database:
The scholars who have compiled the database are Gustav Henningsen, Jaime Contreras, and Jean-Pierre Dedieu. See William Monter, “The Inquisition,” in Hsia, ed.,
A Companion to the Reformation World
, pp. 255–271.
[>]
   
systematic about censorship:
Peters,
Inquisition
, pp. 95–96.

70.
[>]
   
a Spanish censor at work:
“A Censored Second Folio,”
Folger,
Spring 2011; Sidney Lee, “Shakespeare and the Inquisition,” in Boas, ed.,
Elizabethan and Other Essays,
pp. 184–195.

71.
[>]
   
under the monarchy’s control:
Peters,
Inquisition
, p. 97.
[>]
   
a new Grand Mosque of Granada:
Charles M. Sennott, “Seeking Madrid motives in a cradle of Muslim glory,”
Boston Globe,
March 28, 2004.
[>]
   
more than 600 mosques . . . Iberia as a whole:
Anthony Celso, “The Tragedy of Al-Andalus: The Madrid Terror Attacks and the Islamicization of Spanish Politics,”
Mediterranean Quarterly,
vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 86–101. See also Victoria Burnett, “Spain’s Many Muslims Face Dearth of Mosques,”
New York Times
, March 16, 2008.
[>]
   
the 2004 Madrid train bombings:
“The 3/11 Madrid Bombings: An Assessment After 5 Years,” International Security Studies Program, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, April 10, 2009.
[>]
   
“They have a grander vision”:
Charles M. Sennott, “Seeking Madrid motives in a cradle of Muslim glory,”
Boston Globe,
March 28, 2004.
[>]
   
Spanish bishops turned down a request:
Elizabeth Nash, “Spanish bishops fear rebirth of Islamic kingdom,”
The Independent,
January 5, 2007.
[>]
   
a campaign to remove the word “mosque”:
Rachel Donadio, “Debate Over a Monument’s Name Echoes a Historic Clash of Faiths,”
New York Times,
November 4, 2010.
Had this battle gone differently: Gibbon is quoted in Menocal,
The Ornament of the World
, pp. 55–56.
Gibbon is quoted in Menocal, The Ornament of the World, pp. 55–56.

72.    
an itinerant cobbler from Montaillou:
Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou,
p. 296; Weiss,
The Yellow Cross
, p. 290.
[>]
   
disagree on just how cordial: For a recent account see Menocal,
The Ornament of the World.
For a recent account see Menocal, The Ornament of the World.
[>]
   
“a relationship between unequals”:
Kamen,
The
Spanish Inquisition,
p. 4.
[>]
   
you’ll hear the claim made:
Alan'S. Kaye, “Two Alleged Arabic Etymologies,”
Journal of Near Eastern Studies,
vol. 64, no. 2 (2005), pp. 109–111.
Josef Ratzinger on the cover of the magazine:
Peter Seewald, “Dios tiene un agudo sentido del humor,”
El Semanal
, February 18, 2001.

73.    
at a meeting in the Alhambra:
Kamen,
The Spanish Inquisition,
p. 31.
[>]
   
“In our land”:
Sachar,
Farewell España
, p. 70.
[>]
   
In England, Jews were considered royal property:
Mundill,
The King’s Jews,
pp. xi, 12, 72–74, 146.

74.
[>]
   
in 1609 . . . shunned as “Christians”:
Pérez,
The Spanish Inquisition
, pp. 47–50; Anderson,
Daily Life During the Spanish Inquisition
, p. 116.
[>]
   
Expulsion . . . has never gone out of use:
An overview of the subject can be found in Benjamin Schwarz, “The Diversity Myth,”
Atlantic Monthly
, May 1995.
[>]
   
“Please, O King, what is it that you want from your subjects?”:
Rubin,
Isabella of Castile,
p. 299; Netanyahu,
Don Isaac Abravanel,
pp. 55–56.
Abravenal offered the king:
Rubin,
Isabella of Castile
, p. 299.