God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (41 page)

151.
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in cities around the world:
Charles H. Cunningham, “The Ecclesiastical Influence in the Philippines (1565–1850),”
American Journal of Theology
, vol. 22, no. 2 (April 1918), pp. 161–186; Scholes,
Church and State in New Mexico,
p. 9.
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“the most important ecclesiastical court in the New World”:
Scholes,
Church and State in New Mexico,
pp. 9–10.
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Some years ago, the Bancroft Library:
Gillian C. Boal, foreword to Faulhaber and Vincent,
Exploring the Bancroft Library,
p. 57.

152.
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a vivid sense of the range of transgressions:
“Survey of Mexican Inquisition Documents,” Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley;
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/latinamericana/inquisitionsurvey.html
.
[>]
   
some two hundred people were investigated:
Stanley Hordes, “The Inquisition and the Crypto-Jewish Community in Colonial New Spain and New Mexico,” in Perry and Cruz, eds.,
Cultural Encounters
, p. 208.
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left behind a deeply personal and affecting memoir:
Liebman,
The Enlightened,
pp. 23–33, 49–50, 133.

153.
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A
converso
community was by then a palpable reality:
Stanley M. Hordes, “The Crypto-Jewish Community of New Spain, 1620–1649: A Collective Biography,” doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, 1980; Stanley M. Hordes, “The Inquisition and the Crypto-Jewish Community in Colonial New Spain and New Mexico,” in Perry and Cruz, eds.,
Cultural Encounters
, pp. 210–211.
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The Inquisition stepped in:
The statistics here and the general unfolding of events are drawn from Stanley M. Hordes, “The Crypto-Jewish Community of New Spain, 1620–1649: A Collective Biography,” doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, 1980; Stanley M. Hordes, “The Inquisition and the Crypto-Jewish Community in Colonial New Spain and New Mexico,” in Perry and Cruz, eds.,
Cultural Encounters,
pp. 207–217.

154.
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the oldest European road in America:
Moorhead,
New Mexico’s Royal Road,
pp. 8–27.
[>]
   
New Mexico’s only significant connection:
Preston and Esquibel,
The Royal Road,
pp. 3–34; Moorhead,
New Mexico’s Royal Road
, p. 55.

155.
[>]
   
A great convoy:
Moorhead,
New Mexico’s Royal Road,
pp. 32–33.
[>]
   
hundreds of people . . . documents of government:
Simmons,
Spanish Pathways,
pp. 16–18.
[>]
   
records are held at the Archivo General:
Kate Doyle, “‘Forgetting Is Not Justice’: Mexico Bares Its Secret Past,”
World Policy Journal,
Summer 2003, pp. 61–72.
[>]
   
one of the first things interrogators did:
Stanley M. Hordes, “The Crypto-Jewish Community of New Spain: 1620–1649: A Collective Biography,” doctoral dissertation, Tulane University, 1980.
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the first American historian to become intimately familiar:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “France Vinton Scholes (1897–1979): A Personal Memoir,”
Hispanic American Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 1 (1980), pp. 90–94.
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after background checks to confirm their doctrinal fealty:
France V. Scholes, “The First Decade of the Inquisition in New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review
, vol. 10, no. 3 (1935), p. 200.

156.
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took evidence in cases of every kind:
The incidents recounted here are cited in France V. Scholes, “The First Decade of the Inquisition in New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol. 10, no. 3 (1935), pp. 195–241.
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wash her private parts with water:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “The Inquisition in Eighteenth Century New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 1 (1985), pp. 29–60.

157.
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“The very simplicity of political, social, and economic conditions”:
Scholes,
Church and State in New Mexico,
p. 193.
[>]
   
sometimes employed special messengers:
Scholes,
Church and State in New Mexico
, pp. 32, 38, 110, 124.

158.
[>]
   
his murder was an affront to civil authority:
Scholes,
Church and State in New Mexico,
pp. 115–191.
[>]
   
“the largest mass beheading”:
Pacheco,
Ghosts, Murder, Mayhem,
p. 75.
[>]
   
In the 1660s, the tribunal brought formal charges:
Kessell,
Kiva, Cross, and Crown
, pp. 171–207.

159.
[>]
   
they rose up in a coordinated attack:
For a concise description of the Pueblo Revolt, see Knaut,
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680
, pp. 3–15.
[>]
   
“having expressed views on religion”:
Quoted in James,
In and Out of the Old Missions of California,
p. 52.
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confiscated four copies of a game:
Chapman,
A History of California,
p. 373.
[>]
   
the “mad poet” of New Mexico:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “The Inquisition in Eighteenth Century New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 1 (1985), pp.38–39.
[>]
   
harassed but not killed:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “The Inquisition in Eighteenth Century New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol 60, no. 1 (1985), pp. 29–60.

160.
[>]
   
suspected of owning a book by Voltaire:
Bancroft,
A History of California,
vol. 19, pp. 659–660.
[>]
   
weren’t known for reading books:
Bancroft,
A
History of California,
vol. 19, pp. 659–660.
[>]
   
a man was denounced—by his mother:
J. R. Spell, “Rousseau in Spanish America,”
Hispanic American Historical Review,
vol. 15, no. 2 (1935), pp. 260–267.
[>]
   
“ferret out French and English catechisms”:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “North American Protestants and the Mexican Inquisition, 1765–1820,”
Journal of Church and State,
vol. 8, no. 2 (1966), pp. 186–199.
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Inquisition in New Mexico appointed a censor:
Richard E. Greenleaf, “The Inquisition in Eighteenth Century New Mexico,”
New Mexico Historical Review,
vol. 60, no. 1 (1985), pp. 29–60.
[>]
   
A decree arrived in California:
Bancroft,
A History of California,
vol. 19, pp. 659–660.

161.
[>]
   
in an isolated region of Portugal:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
p. 53.
[>]
   
immigrants from the Azores:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
p. 47.
[>]
   
the so-called Jewish Indians of Venta Prieta
: Raphael Patai, “The Jewish Indians of Mexico,”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review
, vol. 18, no. 1–2, pp. 2–12; Raphael Patai, “Venta Prieta Revisited (1965),”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review
, vol. 18, no. 1–2, pp. 13–18.
[>]
   
got to their desired destination:
Ross,
Acts of Faith,
pp. 1–25; Joel Millman, “Texas Rabbi Claims Mexico Is Playing Host to a Lost Tribe,”
Wall Street Journal,
June 15, 2000.

162.
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certain practices among small groups of Hispanics:
Hordes,
To the Ends of the Earth,
pp. 244–245; Schulamith C. Halevy, “Manifestations of Crypto-Judaism in the American Southwest,”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review
, vol. 18, no. 1–2, pp. 68–76.
[>]
   
“cross-cultural commonplace”:
Judith'S. Neulander, “The New Mexico Crypto-Jewish Canon: Choosing to Be ‘Chosen’ in Millennial Tradition,”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review,
vol. 18, no. 1–2 (1996), pp. 19–58.
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Her conclusion parallels Patai’s:
Judith'S. Neulander, “The New Mexico Crypto-Jewish Canon: Choosing to Be ‘Chosen’ in Millennial Tradition,”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review,
vol. 18, no. 1–2 (1996), pp. 19–58; Judith'S. Neulander, “Crypto-Jews of the Southwest: An Imagined Community,”
Jewish Folklore and Ethnology Review,
vol. 16, no. 1 (1994), pp. 64–68; Debbie Nathan and Barbara Ferry, “Mistaken Identity? The Case of New Mexico’s ‘Hidden Jews,’”
Atlantic Monthly,
December 2000.

163.
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They are also able to show:
Kunin,
Juggling Identities,
p. 107.
[>]
   
Genealogical research by Hordes:
Hordes,
To the Ends of the Earth,
pp. 273–279; Kunin,
Juggling Identities,
p. 105.
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left Spain and Portugal by the thousands:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
p. 54.
[>]
   
genetic evidence as well:
Simon Romero, “Hispanics Uncovering Roots as Inquisition’s ‘Hidden Jews,’”
New York Times,
October 29, 2005; Hordes,
To the Ends of the Earth,
pp. 271–273.
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an unusually high incidence . . . disproportionately susceptible:
Jeff Wheelwright, “The ‘Secret Jews’ of San Luis Valley,”
Smithsonian,
October 2008.
[>]
   
held on to elements of their faith:
Gitlitz,
Secrecy and Deceit,
pp. 35–64.

164
[>]
   
showed themselves to be shrewd observers and advisors:
Joseph'S. Sebes, S.J., “China’s Jesuit Century,”
Wilson Quarterly,
Winter 1978, pp. 170–183.
[>]
   
what today would be called comparative religion:
See Hunt, Jacob, and Mijnhardt,
The Book That Changed Europe.
[>]
   
“I seek Christians and spices”:
Duffy,
Portuguese Africa,
p. 104.

165.
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To this day, it enjoys:
“Goa’s Per Capita Highest, Bihar’s Lowest in FY ’10,”
The Hindu
, March 9, 2011.
[>]
   
forcing him to find other quarters:
Saraiva,
The Marrano Factory
, pp. 350–351.
[>]
   
the faithful managed to save their idols:
Paul Axelrod and Michelle A. Fuerch, “Flight of the Deities: Hindu Resistance in Portuguese Goa,”
Modern Asian Studies,
vol. 30, no. 2 (1996), pp. 387–421.
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sent a substantial payment to Pope Paul IV:
Saraiva,
The Marrano Factory,
pp. 342–352.

166.
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the Inquisition held twenty-seven autos-da-fé in Goa:
Saraiva,
The Marrano Factory,
pp. 342–352.
[>]
   
printing presses were kept out of Brazil:
James E. Wadsworth, “In the Name of the Inquisition: The Portuguese Inquisition and Delegated Authority in Colonial Pernambuco, Brazil,”
The Americas,
vol. 61, no. 1 (2004).
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One petty dispute in Angola:
Birmingham,
Portugal and Africa,
pp. 63–81.
[>]
   
two hundred years after their executions:
Ioan Grillo, “Mexican Church to Review Cases of Excommunicated Independence Heroes,” Catholic News Service, October 16, 2007; “Better Late Than Never,”
The Mex Files
, September 1, 2009; “Church: Independence Heroes Died As Catholics,” McClatchey–Tribune Regional News, August 31, 2009.

167.    
refused to recognize . . . and withdrew:
Kertzer,
Prisoner of the Vatican
, p. 3.
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who opened up . . . who re-established:
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners
, p. 313; “Vatican Observatory,” Vatican City State,
http://www.vaticanstate.va/EN/Other_Institutions/The_Vatican_Observatory.htm
.
[>]
   
preserved in a motion picture . . . first pope whose voice survives in a recording:
“Recording of Pope Leo XIII, 1903,” How to Be a Retronaut, April 3, 2010.
http://www.howtobearetronaut.com/2010/04/recording-of-pope-leo-xiii-1903
.

169.    
followed the progress of its drafting and editing:
“Democracy and the Labour Problem,”
North-Eastern Daily Gazette,
April 30, 1891.
[>]
   
“The
Standard
’s Rome correspondent”:
“The Pope’s Encyclical,”
Yorkshire Herald,
May 16, 1891.
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“the expression of his century”:
“Pope Leo’s Anniversary,”
New York Times,
March 3, 1895.
[>]
   
the perfect Latin edition of the works of Thomas Aquinas:
Cullen Murphy, “All the Pope’s Men,”
Harper’s,
June 1979.

170.
[>]
   
eighty beliefs that Catholics must condemn:
Duffy,
Saints and Sinners,
p. 295.
[>]
   
These included the belief:
http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9syll.htm
.
[>]
that provoked Lord Acton’s famous remark:
Dalberg-Acton,
Essays on Freedom and Power,
p. 364.
[>]
   
“towards power and against freedom”:
Owen Chadwick, “Lord Acton at the First Vatican Council,”
Journal of Theological Studies,
vol. 27, no. 2 (1977).
[>]
   
that is to say, its name was retired:
Peters,
Inquisition,
p. 120.
[>]
   
“The interests of the Inquisition were increasingly focused outward”:
Collins,
From Inquisition to Freedom,
p.14.
[>]
   
conservative and controlling mind-set of this period:
“Censorship of Books”:
http://www .newadvent.org/cathen/03519d.htm
; “inquisition”:
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/ 08026a.htm
.