God's War: A New History of the Crusades (153 page)

14
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey Through Wales
, trans. L. Thorpe (London 1978), p. 75.

15
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 137–8;
Vita Altmanni episcopi Pataviensis
, MGHS, xii, 230; cf. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 62–3, 81–3, 97. For penance and pilgrimage in crusade charters, ibid., esp. chaps. 3 and 4 and idem,
First Crusade
, esp. chap. 2.

16
. Becker,
Papst Urban II
, ii, 352–62 (esp. pp. 352–3), 374–6, 398–9.

17
. Urban to Bolognese, 19 Sept. 1096, Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 137–8; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 39.

18
. Robert the Monk (of Rheims),
Historia
, RHC Occ., iii, 727–30.

19
. Mansi,
Sacrorum Conciliorum
, xx, col. 816; Somerville,
Decreta Claromontensia
, p. 74; in general, H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade’,
History
, 55 (1970), 177–88; for the Bologna letter, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 39.

20
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 136–7; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 38.

21
. Fulk of Anjou,
Gesta Andegavensium
, RHC Occ., v, 345; J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 39.

22
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 13.

23
. Henry of Huntingdon,
De captione Antiochae a Christianis
, RHC Occ., v, 374.

24
. Glaber,
Historiarum
, pp. 200–201.

25
. Adhemar of Chabannes,
Chronicon
, bk III, c. 47, pp. 166–7.

26
.
Vita Altmanni
, p. 230.

27
. Benzo of Alba,
Ad Heinricum IV. Imperatorem Libri VII
, MGHS, xi, 605, 606, 616–17, 652; MGHS, lxv, 144; J. Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade’,
The First Crusade
, ed. J. Phillips (Manchester 1997), pp. 107–29 and note 5 above.

28
. Cowdrey, ‘Urban II and the Idea of Crusade’, pp. 721–42; cf. G. J. C. Snoek,
Medieval Piety: From Relics to the Eucharist
(Leiden 1995), pp. 25–6, 35; Adhemar of Chabannes,
Opera
, PL, cxli, col. 110.

29
. Snoek,
Medieval Piety
, p. 87.

30
.
Winchester Annals
,
Annales Monastici
, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London 1864–69), ii, 38.

31
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 142, 164;
Gesta Francorum
, p. 7 (for the date, often recorded as Sept. 1096, E. Jamison, ‘Some Notes on the
Anonymi Gesta Francorum
’,
Studies in French Medieval Literature Presented to M. K. Pope
(Manchester 1939), pp. 183–208.

32
. R. Chazan,
European Jewry and the First Crusade
(Berkeley and Los Angeles 1987), p. 77; cf. S. Eidelberg,
The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades
(Madison 1977), pp. 21–115.

33
. Baldric of Bourgeuil,
Historia Jerosolimitana
, RHC Occ., iv, 12.

34
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 136.

35
. Note 21 above; Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 136–44, 176, 179; Urban’s letters, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 38–40; for Limoges, RHC Occ., v, 350–53; for Amanieu,
Cartulaire du prieuré de Sainte-Pierre de la Réole
, ed. C. Grellet-Balguerie,
Archives historiques de la Gironde
, v (1863), 140.

36
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 19–20.

37
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, p. 62 and ref. note 41; PL, clvii, col. 162.

38
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 138; cf. p. 154 for the leaders talking of pilgrimage in 1098; see note 15 above for pilgrimage motifs in charters.

39
.
Notitiae duae Lemoviensis de praedicatione crucis in Aquitania
, RHC Occ., v, 350–53. For the importance of Christocentric festivals, see the deal between Cluny and Achard of Montmerle on 12 April, i.e. Easter Saturday, 1096, Bruel,
Chartes de Cluny
, v, 51–3.

40
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, p. 75; France,
Victory
, p. 45.

41
. For monkish touts,
Cartulaires de l’abbaye de Molesme 916–1250
, ed. J. Laurent (Paris 1907–11), ii, 83–4;
Cartulaire de l’abbaye de Noyers, Mémoires de la société archéologique de Touraine
, xxii (1872), ed. C. Chevalier, pp. 274–5;
Cartulaire du prieuré de Notre Dame de Longpont de l’ordre de Cluny
, ed. A. Marion (Lyons 1879), pp. 189–90; for the inculcation of a crusader’s sense of sin,
Cartulaire Manceau de Marmoutier
, ed. E. Laurain (Laval 1911–45), ii, 86–9.

42
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 2.

43
. Caffaro,
De liberatione civitatum Orientis
, RHC Occ., v, 49.

44
. The chief primary sources for Peter are Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, RHC Occ., iv, 271–4; Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei per Francos
, RHC Occ., iv, 142–3 (p. 140 for ‘great rumour’); Anna Comnena,
The Alexiad
, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (London 1969), pp. 309–11; cf. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, ed. and trans. M. ChIbnall (Oxford 1969–79), v, 29. See E. O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A Hermit Goes to War: Peter and the Origins of the First Crusade’,
Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition
, ed. W. J. Shields, Studies in Church History, xxii (1985), 79–109, which challenges the orthodoxy established by H. Hagenmeyer,
Peter der Eremite
(Leipzig 1879); the patriarch’s letter is translated by E. Peters,
The First Crusade
(2nd edn Philadelphia 1998), pp. 283–4; I am grateful to Jonathan Shepard for discussion on some of these points.

45
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 2, ‘The Gauls organised themselves into three parts. One group of Franks entered the region of Hungary, namely Peter the Hermit and Duke Godfrey…’

46
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, p. 56.

47
. Adhemar of Chabannes,
Chronicon
, bk III,
c.
47, pp. 166–7; Gieysztor, ‘Genesis of Crusades.

48
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 272; for Peter’s retirement and foundation of the Augustinian abbey at Neumoustier near Huy, dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre and John the Baptist ‘in remembrance and veneration of the church of Jerusalem’,
Chronica Albrici monarchi Trium Fontium a monarcho novi monasterii Hoiensis interpolata
, MGHS, xxiii, 815; Giles of Orval,
Gesta episcoporum Leodiensium
, MGHS, xxv, 93.

49
. Naser-e Khosraw,
Book of Travels
, p. 39; C. Cahen, ‘La Chronique abrégé d’al-Azimi’,
Journal Asiatique
, 230 (1938), 430; C. Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives
(Edinburgh 1999), p. 50.

50
. C. De Vic and J Vaissete,
Histoire générale de Languedoc
, v (Toulouse 1875), col. 737–8; Riley-Smith,
The First Crusade
, p. 21.

51
. France,
Victory
, p. 194; Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 348–9; for Alexius and westerners see the articles by J. Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes’; ‘Alexius and the First Crusade’; ‘When Greek Meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemund in 1097–8’,
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
, 12 (1988), 185–277; ‘The English in Byzantium’,
Traditio
, 29 (1973), 52–93. The Sicilian point I owe to Dr Jeremy Johns.

52
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, iii, 134–6; v, 156–9.

53
.
Frutolfi et Ekkehardi Chronica
, ed. F.-J. Schmale and I. Schmale (Darmstadt 1972), p. 106. C. Haskins, ‘A Canterbury Monk at Constantinople’,
English Historical Review
, 25 (1910), 293–5; Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’, pp. 116–22.

54
. Duparc-Quioc,
La Chanson d’Antioche
, v, 3449.

55
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 44, 52.

56
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 19–20.

57
.
Jerusalem Mirabilis
, in R. L. Crocker, ‘Early Crusade Songs’,
The Holy War
, ed. T. P. Murphy (Columbus, Ohio 1976), pp. 78–98.

58
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, pp. 140–41.

59
. By Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, esp. pp. 93–105.

60
. RHC Occ., iii, 727–30.

61
. Duparc-Quioc,
Chanson d’Antioche
, v, 7921.

62
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 124.

63
. Fulcher of Chartres,
A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095–1127
, trans. F. R. Ryan, intro. H. S. Fink (Knoxville 1969), pp. 66–7.

64
. These cited by Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 113–14.

65
. Ralph of Caen,
Gesta Tancredi
, RHC Occ., iii, 605–6; for Thomas of Marle, Suger of St Denis,
Vita Ludovici Grossi regis
, ed. H. Waquet (Paris 1929), pp. 30–34, 174–8 and pp. 150–51 for Stephen of Blois; Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 79 for William; for Raimbold, PL, clxii, cols. 144–5 and C. J. Tyerman,
The Invention of the Crusades
(Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 11–12.

66
. Quoted by Somerville,
Prolegomena
to the
Decreta Claromontensia
, in
Papacy, Councils and Canon Law
, VI, pp. 33–5.

67
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 251;
Deeds of God through the Franks
, trans. R. Levine (Woodbridge 1997), p. 156.

68
.
Vita Altmanni
, p. 230.

69
. Sigebert of Gembloux,
Chronica
, p. 367; for his hostility to papal use of indulgences for war, MGH,
Libelli de Lite Imperatorem et Pontificum
, ii (Hanover 1892), 464.

3: The March to Constantinople

1
. Sigebert of Gembloux,
Chronica
, p. 367; Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 274, 277, 289, 340; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
iii, 244; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 2–3; Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 136 and passim; Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, esp. pp. 111–12, 141–2, 147–8; Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 141–2, 146; France,
Victory
, pp. 148, 210.

2
. The best modern account of the campaign is France,
Victory
.

3
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill. p. 91.

4
. The Lorraine and German expeditions are the prime concern of Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 272 et seq. For chronology, see J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies’,
Traditio
, 19 (1963), who amends H. Hagenmeyer,
Chronologie de la première croisade
(Paris 1902).

5
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, pp. 140–92 and 142–3 for his hostile account of Peter; cf. F. Duncalf, ‘The Peasants’ Crusade’,
American Historical Review
, 26 (1920–21), 440–53, esp. p. 441.

6
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, pp. 183–4.