God's War: A New History of the Crusades (154 page)

7
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, p. 286 and pp. 293–308; Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’, esp. p. 115 for comments on this background.

8
. Nesbitt, ‘Rate of March’, esp. p. 173; Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 278–82 for the size of the army and length of line in the Balkans.

9
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 280.

10
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 288.

11
. Chazan,
European Jewry
p. 23 and, in general, pp. 1–37.

12
. R. Chazan, ‘1007–1012: Initial Crisis for Northern European Jewry’,
Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research
, 38–9 (1970–71), 101–17.

13
. Chazan,
European Jewry
, p. 36.

14
. Runciman,
History of Crusades
, i, 137 and pp. 134–41 for the pogrom; cf. Chazan,
European Jewry
, pp. 50–136; the chief Jewish sources are translated by S. Eidelberg,
Jews and the Crusaders
, pp. 21–75, 79–93, 99–115. Emich of Flonheim used to be known to historians as Emich of Leinengen, A. V. Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade’,
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire
, 70 (1992), 315–22.

15
. Eidelberg,
Jews and Crusaders
, p. 36.

16
. Eidelberg,
Jews and Crusaders
, p. 50.

17
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 295.

18
. Guibert of Nogent,
De vita sua
, ed. E.-R. Labande (Paris 1981), pp. 246–8; Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 293; Ekkehard of Aura,
Hierosolymita
, RHC Occ., v, 20.

19
. Eidelberg,
Jews and Crusaders
, p. 108 (the Mainz Anonymous); in general Chazan,
European Jewry
, pp. 72–84; cf. the awkward passages in Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, pp. 53–7.

20
. Eidelberg,
Jews and Crusaders
, pp. 21, 112.

21
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 138, 139.

22
. Cf. Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, p. 50.

23
. Chazan,
European Jewry
, p. 145.

24
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 19; Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 137–8.

25
.
Actes des comtes de Flandres 1071–1128
, ed. F. Vercauteren (Brussels 1938), pp. 65–6, no. 22; the count of Roucy is a witness.

26
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 74.

27
. Preserved in mangled form by Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, pp. 313–14.

28
. ‘Elias who had deserted from the emperor…’,
Alexiad
, p. 314.

29
. H. E. Mayer,
Mélanges sur l’histoire du royaume Latin de Jérusalem
(Paris 1984), pp. 17, 22–7, 43, 44, 49; Murray ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon’, pp. 301–29, esp. pp. 314, 327.

30
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 2; G. Paris, ‘La Chanson du pèlerinage de Charlemagne’,
Romania
, 9 (1880), 1–50; J. Flori, ‘
Pur eschalier sainte crestienté
. Croisade, guerre sainte et guerre juste dans les anciennes chansons de geste françaises’,
Le Moyen Age
, 97 (5th series vol. v, 1991), 171–87.

31
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 274.

32
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 311, and pp. 305–11 for the Constantinople stand-off.

33
. This, at least, is the impression given by Albert of Aachen, who listened to them.

34
. See now J. D. Howard-Johnston, ‘Anna Komnene and the
Alexiad
’, in
Alexios Komnenos
, ed. M. E. Mullett and D. Smythe (Belfast 1996); J. France, ‘Anna Comnena, the
Alexiad
and the First Crusade’,
Reading Medieval Studies
, 10 (1983), 20–32.

35
. Runciman,
History of Crusades
, i, 157–8.

36
. On Bohemund’s expedition, Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 7–9 et seq., whose author was with it; E. Jamison, ‘Some Notes on the
Anonymi Gesta Francorum
’; on Bohemund’s position on the crusade, J. Shepard, ‘When Greek Meets Greek’,
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
, 12 (1988), 185–276.

37
. Marquis de la Force, ‘Les Conseillers latins du basileus Alexis Comnene’,
Byzantion
, xi (1936), 153–65; D. Nicol, ‘Symbiosis and Integration; Some Greco-Latin Families in Byzantium’,
Byzantinische Forschungen
, 7 (1979), 113–35; W. B. McQueen, ‘Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112’,
Byzantion
, 56 (1986), 427–76.

38
. Shepard, ‘Greek Meets Greek’ for these details.

39
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 22.

40
. France,
Victory
, p. 98.

41
. For Spain, Bull,
Knightly Piety
, p. 83.

42
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 18.

43
. According to William of Poitiers, see Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes towards the West’.

44
. On Robert’s crusade and career, C. W. David,
Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy
(Cambridge, Mass. 1920); cf. William of Malmesbury,
Gesta Regum
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), ii, 433, 460, 461 for later myths and gossip.

45
. France,
Victory
, p. 129.

46
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 149.

47
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 75–6.

48
. J. H. Pryor, ‘The Oath of the Leaders of the First Crusade to the Emperor Alexius Comnenus: Fealty, Homage’,
Parergon
, 2 (1984), 111–41; France,
Victory
, pp. 107–21 for a trenchant account; cf. Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’ and ‘Greek Meets Greek’.

49
. France,
Victory
, p. 154.

50
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, pp. 315, 325, 327, etc.

51
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 73.

52
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 24.

53
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, p. 329; cf. the embarrassed
Gesta Francorum
, p. 12.

54
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 140.

4: The Road to the Holy Sepulchre

1
. France,
Victory
, pp. 165–9 and, for Egyptian negotiations in general, pp. 211, 252–4 302, 304, 317, 325–6; cf. R. J. Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204
(Eng. trans. Oxford 1993), chap. 1, pp. 1–60.

2
. Ibn al-Qalanisi,
The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi
, trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London 1932), p. 41; G. Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons de manuscrits arméniens comme sources pour l’histoire des croisades’,
The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton
, ed. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot 1998), pp. 89–110; P. M. Holt,
The Age of the Crusades
(London 1986), p. 27 for the translation of al-Sulami.

3
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 21 and throughout the account of the siege of Antioch, pp. 28 et seq. For an account of the Christian communities in the Levant, see below pp. 226.

4
. Emerton,
Correspondence of Gregory VII
, p. 94.

5
. See the discussion and references in R. Ellenblum,
Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Cambridge 1998), pp. 20–22.

6
. For brief general surveys, see Holt,
Age of Crusades
and R. Irwin,
The Middle East in the Middle Ages
(London 1986).

7
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 21.

8
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 85; for the best modern account of the battle and its
location, France,
Victory
, pp. 169–85, which also provides the most detailed narrative of the crusaders’ campaigns in Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine.

9
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 19–20.

10
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 28–9; Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, p. 23; Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 87–8; Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 340–42.

11
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, pp. 347–8.

12
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 25–6.

13
. On this Armenian strategy, France,
Victory
, pp. 190–96.

14
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 88–92 (p. 90 for the number of knights).

15
. For the
Chanson d’Antioche
, see the edition of S. Duparc-Quioc (Paris 1977–8); R. F. Cook, ‘
Chanson d’Antioche’, chanson de geste: le cycle de la croisade est-il épique?
(Amsterdam 1980); for other stories, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 22–3; cf. the stained glass sequence on the crusade at St Denis,
c.
1146–7.

16
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, pp. 438–9.

17
. For Bohemund’s ambitions, J. Shepard, ‘When Greek Meets Greek’; T. S. Asbridge,
The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 1098–1130
(2000), pp. 15–42.

18
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 31.

19
. Usamah Ibn-Munqidh,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh
, trans. P. K. Hitti (reprint Princeton 1987), pp. 149–50.

20
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 35.

21
. J. A. Brundage, ‘Prostitution, Miscegenation and Sexual Purity in the First Crusade’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff 1985), pp. 57–65.

22
. Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, pp. 36–7; J. Richard, ‘La Confrérie de la première croisade: à propos d’un episode de la première croisade’,
Etudes de civilisation médiévale: mélanges offert à E. R. Labande
, ed. B. Jeannau (Poitiers 1974), pp. 617–22.

23
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, pp. 141–2, 144–6, 146–9.

24
. Albert of Aachen,
Historia
, p. 435; France,
Victory
, pp. 209–20 and refs.

25
. Hill,
Gesta Francorum
, pp. 34–5; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 37; cf. Shepard, ‘Greek Meets Greek’.

26
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 150.

27
. Hagenmeyer,
Kreuzzugsbriefe
, p. 149; Raymond of Aguilers,
Historia
, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 59;
Gesta Francorum
, p. 63.