God's War: A New History of the Crusades (158 page)

25
. Romuald of Salerno,
Chronicon
, in
The History of the Tyrants of Sicily
, ed. G. Loud and T. Weidemann, p. 231, cf. p. 242;
Materials for the History of Thomas Becket
, ed. J. C. Robertson and J. B. Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1875–85), iv, 163, 174; Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1868–71), ii, 17; F. Barlow,
Thomas Becket
(London 1986), pp. 258–9.

26
. Robert of Ely,
De Vita et Miracula S. Canuti Ducis
,
Vitae Sanctorum Danorum
, ed. M. C. Gertz (Copenhagen 1908–12), esp. pp. 236–7.

27
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 379.

28
. Walter of Thérouanne,
Vita Karoli
, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS, xii (Hanover 1866), 540, and p. 568 for Galbert of Bruges’s account; Ekkehard of Aura,
Chronicon Universale
, ed. D. G. Waitz, MGH SS, vi (Hanover 1844), 262.

29
. John of Würzburg in
Jerusalem Pilgrimage
, ed. Wilkinson, p. 265; in general for references to early twelfth-century
crucesignati
, Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 148, 158–88.

30
. For the military orders, A. J. Forey,
The Military Orders
(London 1992); J. Riley-Smith,
The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050–1310
(London 1967); M. Barber,
The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple
(Cambridge 1994).

31
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 308–10; cf. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 159–65.

32
.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
sub anno 1128, trans. S. I. Tucker,
English Historical Documents 1042–1189
, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London 1953), ii, p. 195.

33
. Quoted Barber,
New Knighthood
, pp. 49–50; for Bernard’s
De Laude
,
S. Bernardi Opera
, iii, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome 1963), trans. C. Greenia,
Works of St Bernard
, vii (Kalamazoo 1977).

34
. Thomas Aquinas,
Summa Theologiae
(Editiones Paulinae Rome 1962), Secunda Secundae, quaestio 188, articulus 3, p. 1,843, col. 2.

35
. Barber,
New Knighthood
, pp. 26–7; E. Lourie, ‘The Confraternity of Belchite, the Ribat and the Temple’,
Viator
, 13 (1982), 159–76; for a translation of Saxo Grammaticus’s account of the Roskilde confraternity in
Gesta Danorum
, bk 14.6, K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), p. 176.

36
. Otto of Freising,
Gesta Frederici I Imperatoris
, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York 1966), p. 102: Otto, Conrad’s half-brother, probably stayed there too.

37
. J. Brundage,
Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader
(Madison 1969), pp. 157–8 and note 83.

38
. In Eugenius III’s bull of Dec. 1145,
Quantum praedecessores
, P. Rassow, ‘Der Text der
Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III’,
Neues Archiv
, 45 (1924), 302–5; trans:. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 57–9.

39
. Ivo of Chartres,
Epistolae
, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

40
.
Libellus de Vita et Miraculis S. Godrici Heremitae de Finchale
, ed. J. Stevenson, Surtees Society (1847), pp. 33–4, 52–7; William of Newburgh,
Historia rerum Anglicarum
, ed. R. Howlett,
Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I
, Rolls Series (London 1884), i, p. 149;
Chartes de St Julien de Tours
, ed. L. J. Denis (Le Mans 1912–13), i, 87–8, no. 67;
Chronica de Gestis Consulum Andegavorum
,
Chroniques d’Anjou
, ed. Machegay and Salmon, p. 152.

41
.
Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils
, ed. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington 1990), pp. 191–2 for Canon XX of 1123 Lateran Council,
Eis Qui Hierosolymam
; Ivo of Chartres,
Epistolae
,
PL
, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

42
.
Epistolae pontificum Romanorum ineditae
, ed. Löwenfeld, no. 199, pp. 103–4; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, p. 36; in general, Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
.

43
. J. G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II, Bohemund of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire’,
Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
, 49 (1966), 165–202; for a full account possibly based on eyewitness evidence, Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 68–73, 100–104.

44
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, vi, 70–71.

45
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, p. 422, 424–34.

46
. Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, iv, 264–5.

47
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 75–6.

48
. For Urban’s post-Clermont letter to the Catalan counts equating Spain and Jerusalem, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 40. See below p. 662.

49
.
Historia Compostellana, España sagrada
, ed. H. Florez, xx (Madrid 1791), 428, trans. Riley-Smith,
Short History
, p. 92; R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 5th series, 38 (1987), 31–47. See below, Chapter 20.

50
. S. Barton and R. Fletcher,
World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest
(Manchester 2000), p. 250.

51
. Robert of Ely,
De Vita S. Canuti Ducis
, pp. 234–41; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, pp. 165–72.

52
. On this affinity, Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 169–88.

53
.
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
, sub anno 1128,
English Historical Documents
, ii, p. 195.

54
.
Historia Ducum Veneticorum
, ed. H. Somerfeld, MGH SS, xiv (Hanover 1883), pp. 73–4;
Translatio mirifici Martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitate Venetam
, RHC Occ., v, 322–3; William of Tyre,
History
, i, 548–56; ii, 7–21.

9: God’s Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade

1
. Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, p. 271.

2
. Gregory the Priest’s Continuation of Matthew of Edessa’s Chronicle, Dostourian,
Armenia and the Crusades
, pp. 243–57; in general, H. A. R. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the Fall of Edessa’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, pp. 449–62.

3
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 42 and generally pp. 38–45.

4
. E. Sivan, ‘Réfugiés Syro-palestiniens’, p. 142; Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 115; C. Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”: The Career of Zengi’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2002), pp. 111–32, esp. pp. 120–27.

5
. D. S. Richards, ‘Imad al-Din al-Isfahani’,
Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-century Syria
, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden 1993), pp. 133–46.

6
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 150–61 and, in general, pp. 89–170; N. Elisséef, ‘The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’,
Crusaders and Muslims
, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 162–72.

7
. Sivan, ‘Réfugiés Syro-palestiniens’, esp. p. 145; Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 69–71, 78–9; 114–15; Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 24–5, 27–8.

8
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 108–10.

9
. Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, p. 110–11 and note 35; Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”’, p. 122.

10
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, p. 27; Elisséef, ‘Reaction of Syrian Muslims’, pp. 162–6; Hillenbrand,
Crusades
, pp. 69, 105–8; Richard,
The Crusades
, p. 124.

11
. Otto of Freising,
The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 AD
, ed. and trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1928), pp. 440–3; R.-J. Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
, pp. 144–53; P. Magdalino,
The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180
(Cambridge 1993), esp. pp. 37–51.

12
. E. Caspar, ‘Die Kreuzzugsbullen Eugens III’,
Neues Archive der Gesellschaft für ältere Deutsche Geschichtskunde
, 45 (1924), 285–305 (text 300–305); J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 57–9.

13
. R. W. Southern, ‘England’s First Entry into Europe’,
Medieval Humanism and Other Studies
(Oxford 1970), p. 147; cf. M. Pacaut,
Louis VII et son royaume
(Paris 1964), esp. pp. 221–3.

14
. Walter Map,
De Nugis Curialum
, ed. C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford 1983), pp. 450–51.

15
. Otto of Freising,
The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1953), p. 70; Odo of Deuil,
De Profectione Ludovici VII in orientem
, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (Columbia 1948), pp. 6–7.

16
.
Abbreviationes Chronicorum
of Ralph of Diceto,
Opera historica
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1876), i, 256; A. Grabois, ‘The Crusade of Louis VII’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. Edbury, pp. 94–104.

17
.
Cartulaire général de l’Yonne
, ed. M. Quantin (Auxerre 1854–60), i, 428–9, no. 277; cf.
Cartulaire du Chapitre de l’église métropolitaine Ste-Marie d’Auch
, ed. C. Lacave la Plagne Barris (Paris and Auch 1899), pp. 65–6, no. 64;
Archives administratives de la ville de Rheims
, ed. P. Varin, i (Paris 1839), 318–20, no. 95.

18
.
Cartulaire de l’abbaye cardinale de la Trinité de Vendê me
, ed. C. Metais (Paris 1893–7), ii, 353–5, no. 520.

19
. Ralph of Diceto,
Opera historia
, i, 256–7;
De Tributo Floriacensibus imposito
, RHGF, xii, 94–5; cf. letter of John abbot of ‘Ferraricensis’ to Suger, RHGF, xv, 497 and Peter the Venerable to Louis VII, RHGF, xv, 641–3.

20
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 20–21.

21
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 6–9; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 70; in general, W. Williams,
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux
(Manchester 1935), pp. 262–88; V. G. Berry, ‘The Second Crusade’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, pp. 463–512 and, especially, G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’,
Traditio
, 9 (1953), 213–79.

22
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, trans. B. S. James, 2nd edn (Stroud 1998), nos. 32, 216, 217, 395, 396; Snoek,
Medieval Piety
, pp. 114–15.

23
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 70.

24
. RHGF, xv, 439–40; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 323, to Eugenius III, beginning ‘God forgive you, what have you done?’

25
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 8–11; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 391; cf. nos. 392–4.

26
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 8–9.

27
.
Ex Chronico Mauriniacensis
, RHGF, xii, 88; letter from Bernard’s secretary, Nicholas, to the count and barons of Brittany, RHGF, xv, 607.