God's War: A New History of the Crusades (162 page)

40
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, pp. 114, 185–6;
Opera
, vi, 55 ‘conversi sunt’.

41
. Cf. Roger of Howden’s account of a miraculous appearance of Christ on the cross in the sky near Dunstable,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 47.

42
.
Ordinatio
, passim, esp. pp. 18–26; for Gerald of Wales’s anecdote,
Journey
, p. 172.

43
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 26–8; for identity of Berthier, J. W. Baldwin,
The Government of Philip Augustus
(Berkeley and Los Angeles 1986), pp. 462, note 38 and 572 note 30.

44
. Conon of Béthune,
Ahi! Amours, con dure departie
, Bédier and Aubry,
Chansons
, no. iii, pp. 32–5; cf. pp. 45–7,
Bien me Deusse Targier
.

45
.
Actes des Comtes de Namur 946–1196
, ed. F. Rousseau (Brussels 1936), no. 28, pp. 61–4.

46
. Ralph Niger,
Chronica
, ed. H. Krause (Frankfurt 1985), p. 288. For details of Frederick’s crusade,
Historia de expeditione
, Chroust,
Quellen
, passim.

47
. Roger of Howden,
Chronica
, iii, 8; for Philip II’s deals, L. Delisle,
Catalogue des Actes de Philippe Auguste
(Paris 1856), no. 327A; Rigord,
Oeuvres
, p. 99; Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, no. 252; for Richard, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 75–85.

48
. Ralph Niger,
Chronica
, p. 288;
Historia de expeditione
, Chroust,
Quellen
, p. 96.

49
. Rigord,
Oeuvres
, p. 106, 116–17; Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
ll. 4,575–99, 4,686–90;
Itinerarium
, p. 204; Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 176; Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, ed. J. T. Appelby (London 1963), pp. 43–4; Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 166.

50
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 32.

51
. Jocelin of Brakelond,
Chronicle
, ed. H. E. Butler (London 1949), pp. 39–40, 51, 53–4, 123, 138–9; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 64–5, 78.

52
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 47–8 for a crooked collector in England, a Templar Gilbert of Hogestan; for a poetic accusation of official greed and fraud, perhaps by Conon of Béthune,
Bien me Deusse Targier
, Bédier and Aubry,
Chansons
, p. 45.

53
. Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, no. 252.

54
. Delaborde et al.,
Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, no. 237.

55
.
Itinerarium
, p. 148.

56
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 32.

57
.
Historical Manuscripts Commission, Report on Various Collections
, i (London 1901), pp. 235–6.

58
.
Itinerarium
, pp. 48, 142.

59
. Above, note 24.

60
.
Itinerarium
, p. 48.

61
. Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGHS (Hanover 1868), p. 127; cf. pp. 126–8.

62
. Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, pp. 10–11, 15, 27–8 for backsliders.

63
. E.g. Geoffrey FitzPeter, William Brewer and Hugh Bardolf, as well as Justiciar Hugh du Puiset, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 65.

64
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 83–4.

65
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 132–3; cf. Richard of Devizes,
Chronicle
, p. 17.

66
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 64–75 for the details that follow.

67
.
Itinerarium
, p. 48.

68
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 204.

69
. Ambroise,
Crusade of Richard
, l. 5680; cf. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 61–3.

70
.
Historical Manuscripts Commission, Fifth Report
, Appendix (London 1872), p. 462.

71
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henri Secundi
, ii, 30. For Normans,
Itinerarium
, p. 99; Rigord,
Oeuvres
esp. pp. 83–4 for French.

72
. Gilbert of Mons,
Chronicon Hanoniense
, ed. L. Vanderkindere (Brussels 1904), pp. 206–7.

73
. Translation from
Historia de expeditione
by E. N. Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii (Madison 1969), p. 90, and for German recruitment that follows, pp. 50, 89–93.

74
.
Historia de expeditione
, p. 22 and, for recruits, pp. 18–24;
Itinerarium
, p. 77.

75
. B. Arnold,
German Knighthood 1050–1300
(Oxford 1985), pp. 24, 101.

76
.
Narratio Itinere Navalis ad Terram Sanctam
,
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 179–96;
Chronica Regia Colonesis
, ed. G. Waitz, MGHS (Hanover 1880), p. 140 and pp. 142–4.

77
.
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 96–8.

13: To the Siege of Acre

1
.
Itinerarium
, p. 44; cf. p. 160 and note 62 refs.

2
. The story is in the thirteenth-century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 66.

3
. There is, at the time of writing, no modern scholarly account of the Third Crusade. See the general books by Mayer, Runciman, Riley-Smith, Setton (general editor), vol. 2.

4
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 81 and passim for Saladin and the Third Crusade; on Saladin, Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
.

5
. Thietmar,
Peregrinatio
, ii, 37. For Frankish rural settlement, Ellenblum,
Settlement
, and pp. 66–71 for Casal Imbert.

6
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 90–91, 93, 95–7, 108; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 71–3.

7
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 182.

8
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, passim, and p. 80 for his entry into Saladin’s service.

9
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, iii, 22.

10
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 169; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 91.

11
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 106.

12
. The chronology of arrivals is largely derived from
Itinerarium
, pp. 71–83, possibly based on an eyewitness report.

13
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 104.

14
. Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonensis
, pp. 140–44;
Itinerarium
, pp. 73–4.

15
.
Historia de expeditione
, Chroust,
Quellen
, pp. 23–4;
Itinerarium
, pp. 74–7, 81–3.

16
.
Itinerarium
, p. 74; and pp. 25–6 and 34 for the uplifting stories of Templars Jakelin de Mailly and Nicholas at the battles of Cresson and Hattin in 1187 current at the siege of Acre.

17
.
Itinerarium
, pp. 81, 83.

18
.
Narratio Itineris Navalis ad Terram Sanctam
,
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 179–96;
Itinerarium
, p. 74.

19
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 106.

20
. Ibn al-Athir in RHC Or., II-i, p. 15; Abu Shama,
The Book of the Two Gardens
, RHC Or., iv, 412.

21
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 204–6.

22
.
Itinerarium
, p. 89; cf. Imad al-Din’s shocked view of women warriors, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 206–7.

23
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 118–20;
Itinerarium
, pp. 94–6; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 171.

24
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, p. 94.

25
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 106, 113–17, 121–2, 125 for the reception in Saladin’s camp of news of German progress.

26
.
Itinerarium
, p. 49; loc. cit. pp. 49–68 for a German source on Frederick’s crusade and, for the most detailed contemporary account,
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 1–115.

27
. From Henry, provost of Schäftlarn, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001 fol. 1 recto.

28
.
Historia de expeditione
, p.39; Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, pp. 130–31;
Itinerarium
, p. 60; J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March’, pp. 178–9.

29
. Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
pp. 10–21.

30
.
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 15–16; Waitz,
Chronica Regia Colonesis
, p. 140; for spurious letters of defiance between Frederick and Saladin,
Itinerarium
, pp. 49–54.

31
. Henry of Albano,
Tractatus de peregrinatione
, PL, 204, col. 360.

32
.
Itnerarium
, p. 55.

33
.
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 24–5; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 114–16.

34
.
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 85, 86;
Die Urkunden der Deutchen Könige und Kaiser
, x, pt IV,
Die Urkunden Friedrichs I
, ed. H. Appelt, MGH (Hanover 1990), pp. 301, 303.

35
. In general, Angold,
Byzantine Empire
; iden,
The Fourth Crusade
(London 2003); Magdalino,
Empire of Manuel I Komnenos
; Lilie,
Byzantium and the Crusader States
.

36
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 121–2.

37
. A fifth was created at Philipoppolis,
Historia de expeditione
, pp. 34–5.

38
.
O City of Byzantium, Annals of Nicetas Choniates
, trans. H. J. Margoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 220–26. (Hereafter
Nicetas
.)

39
.
Die Urkunden Friedrichs I
, pp. 302–6; cf. his letter of the same period to Leopold of Austria, pp. 306–7 and his earlier correspondence with Henry, pp. 301–2.

40
.
Historia de expeditione
, p. 71.

41
.
Nicetas
, pp. 233–4.

42
.
Epistola de Morte Friderici Imperatoris
,
Historia de expeditione
, p. 175;
Iitnerarium
, pp. 60–61.