God's War: A New History of the Crusades (161 page)

23
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 28–9.

24
. Tibble,
Monarchy and Lordships
, esp. pp. 134–5, 166.

25
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 314.

26
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 486–9; Kedar, ‘The General Tax of 1183’, pp. 339–45.

27
. Most recently, B. Hamilton,
The Leper King
.

28
. John of Ibelin,
Livre des Assises
c. xiii, ed. P. Edbury,
John of Ibelin and Kingdom of Jerusalem
(Woodbridge 1997), pp. 118–20.

29
. The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. P. Edbury,
The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade
, ed. idem (Aldershot 1998), p. 33; for the siege of Jerusalem, ibid., pp. 55–67; Mas Latrie,
Chronique d’Ernoul
, p. 175;
L’Estoire de Eracles
,
RHC Occ., ii (Paris 1859), p. 70; Nicholson,
Chronicle of the Third Crusade
, pp. 38–9 (fourteen is the number of knights given here);
Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum
, ed. J. Stevenson, Rolls Series (London 1875), pp. 241–51.

30
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1867), i, 328.

31
. As suggested by H. E. Mayer, ‘The Beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem’,
Horns of Hattin
, ed. Kedar, pp. 121–35.

32
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 296–8 where the king is also accused of financial greed, a common charge against hard-pressed rulers.

33
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 90; Hamilton,
The Leper King
, p. 34, note 62.

34
. On the state of Baldwin’s health and the diagnosis of leprosy, see Piers Mitchell, ‘An Evaluation of the leprosy of King Baldwin IV’, in Hamilton,
The Leper King
, pp. 245–58.

35
. P. Edbury, Propaganda and Faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem’,
Crusaders and Muslims
, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 173–89; cf. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 403–73.

36
. On William of Tyre’s prejudices, P. Edbury and J. Rowe,
William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East
(Cambridge 1988).

37
. The chronicle attributed to Ernoul; see now Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 1–8.

38
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 417–34.

39
. Hamilton,
The Leper King
, p. 139, note 50 for references.

40
. Hamilton,
The Leper King
, p. 167, notes 40–41.

41
. See the reconstruction in Hamilton,
The Leper King
, pp. 179–85.

42
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 491–8 for the events of the 1183 campaign; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 61–2.

43
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 498–504, 507–9.

44
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 11–16. For a convincing reconstruction of the events of 1184–5 based largely on the variant continuations of William of Tyre, Hamilton,
The Leper King
, pp. 198–210.

45
. Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 68–9.

46
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 24–30, 154–5; despite the continuations of William of Tyre’s sympathetic glossing towards Raymond, the inference is unavoidable.

47
. Ibn Jubayr,
Travels
, trans. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London 1952), p. 301 and generally on Outremer in the autumn of 1184, pp. 315–25.

48
. For the events culminating in the battle at the springs of Cresson, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 114–18; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 30–34, 156–7; Stevenson,
Libellus de expugatione Terrae Sanctae
, pp. 211–17. For the legends, Nicholson,
Chronicle of the Third Crusade
, pp. 25–6.

49
. On the Hattin campaign, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 118–39; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 34–49, 158–62;
Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae
, trans. Brundage,
Crusades
, pp. 153–63; Lyons and Jackson,
Saladin
, pp. 258–64; Lyons, ‘Saladin’s Hattin Letter’; R. C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan 1183–7’,
Outremer
, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 159–76; and, for the topography and details of the fighting itself, especially, B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Battle of Hattin Revisited’,
Horns of Hattin
, pp. 190–207.

50
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 130.

51
. Ibn al-Athir, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 123.

52
. Peter of Blois,
Passio Reginaldis Principis Antiocheni
, PL, 207, cols. 957–76.

53
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 125.

54
. For the siege and fall of Jerusalem, Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, pp. 77–8; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 139–75; Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 55–65, 162–3, 165–6.

55
. Edbury,
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 73–6.

56
. For full references Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 87, note 36.

57
. Translated by J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 64–7.

12: The Call of the Cross

1
.
Pipe Roll 1 Richard I
, ed. J. Hunter (London 1844), p. 20;
Pipe Roll 3 Richard I
,
The Great Rolls of the Pipe
(Pipe Roll Society, London 1884–), pp. 28, 33, 58, 76.

2
. For references, see Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, esp. p.27.

3
. Text in J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 64–7; cf. Benedict of Peterborough,
recte
Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 15–19.

4
.
Itinerarium
, pp. 43–4; Edbury
Conquest of Jerusalem
, pp. 73–5 for an account in a continuation of the chronicle of William of Tyre.

5
. Gillingham,
Richard I
, p. 87, note 36 for a full list of references, esp. Ralph of Diceto.

6
.
Historia de expeditione Friderici Imperatoris
, ed. A. Chroust,
Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I
, MGHS (Berlin 1928), esp. pp. 5–15.

7
.
De Profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam
,
Scriptores Minores Historiae Danicae
, ed. M. C. Gertz (Copenhagen 1970 reprint), ii, 464–8; in general pp. 457–92.

8
. Gervase of Canterbury,
Historical Works
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1879–80), i, 389.

9
.
Historia de expeditione
, Chroust,
Quellen
, p. 14, cf. p. 12 for Henry of Albano’s summons ‘ad curiam Iesu Christi’; Gilbert of Mons,
Chronicon Hanoniense
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGHS (Hanover 1869), pp. 182–4.

10
.
Epistolae Cantuariensis
,
Chronicles and Memorials of Richard I
, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1865), ii, nos. 158, 167; cf. Gervase of Canterbury,
Historical Works
, i, 394 et seq. for the local context.

11
. For the French nobles, Rigord,
Oeuvres
, ed. H. F. Delaborde, i, 83–4 and 84–5 for the March assembly in Paris; for Anglo-Norman sources for the Gisors meeting, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 392 note 7 and, for English preparations in general, pp. 57–85.

12
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 201.

13
. Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 44–5.

14
.
Itinerarium
, p. 143.

15
. E.g. the French landowner Heraclius of Montboissier,
Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste
, i, ed. H. F. Delaborde et al. (Paris 1916), no. 286 (Dec. 1189).

16
. Henry of Albano,
Tractatus de peregrinatione civitate Dei
, PL, 204, col. 353.

17
. Peter of Blois,
De Hierosolymitana Peregrinatione Acceleranda
, PL, 207, col. 1063 and generally cols. 1,058–70, which is part of a longer piece, originally combined with
Dialogus inter regem Henricum secundum et abbatem Bonnevallensem
, PL, 207, cols. 975–88; cf. his other great crusade propaganda work,
De passione Reginaldi
, PL, 207, cols. 957–76.

18
. Alan of Lille,
Sermo de cruce domini
,
Textes inédits
, ed. M. T. Alverny,
Etudes de philosophie médiévale
, 52 (Paris 1965), pp. 281–2.

19
. J. and L. Riley Smith,
Crusades
, p. 66.

20
.
Historia de expeditione
, Chroust,
Quellen
, p. 10.

21
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 114.

22
.
De Profectione Danorum
, Gertz,
Scriptores
, p. 467.

23
. Rigord,
Oeuvres
, p. 84.

24
.
Cartulaire de l’abbaye Notre-Dame de Bonnevaux
, ed. U. Chevalier,
Bulletin de l’Académie Delphinale
, 4th series, ii (Grenoble 1889, dated 1887–8), no. 310, pp. 143–4.

25
. For these tracts see above, notes 16 and 17.

26
. Gerald of Wales,
Opera
, viii, 207.

27
. Ralph Niger,
De Re Militari
, esp. pp. 194–9.

28
. Reported to Henry II’s court by Peter of Blois, Roger of Howden,
Gesta Henrici Secundi
, ii, 15.

29
.
De profectione Danorum
, Gertz,
Scriptores
, p. 467; cf. K. Skovgaard-Petersen,
A Journey to the Promised Land
(Copenhagen 2001), esp. pp. 75–6.

30
. A. Macquarrie,
Scotland and the Crusades 1095–1560
(Edinburgh 1985), pp. 27–32.

31
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 184.

32
.
Ordinatio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae
, ed. R. Röhricht,
Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores
,
Société de l’Orient Latin
, ii (Geneva 1879), p. 24 and generally pp. 1–26.

33
. Rigord,
Oeuvres
, p. 99.

34
. Gerald of Wales,
De Rebus a se gestis
, trans. H. Butler,
The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambrensis
(London 1937), pp. 99–101. (Hereafter Gerald of Wales,
Autobiography
.)

35
. Ibn al-Athir in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 182–3; Ibn Shaddad,
Saladin
, p. 125.

36
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, pp. 1–209.

37
. Gerald of Wales,
Journey
, p. 75;
Opera
, i, 74;
Autobiography
, p. 99.

38
. Gerald of Wales,
Autobiography
, pp. 99–101, 104.

39
.
Historia de expeditione
, Chrust,
Quellen
, pp. 11–13, 14; Rigord,
Oeuvres
, pp. 84–5.