God's War: A New History of the Crusades (159 page)

28
. RHGF, xv, 607.

29
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 323; for his itinerary, Williams,
Bernard of Clairvaux
, esp. pp. 268–81, 397–8; J. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux, the Low Countries and the Lisbon Letter of the Second Crusade’,
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
, 48 (1997), pp. 485–97.

30
.
Papsturkunden für Kirchen im Heiligen Lande
, ed. R. Hiestand (Göttingen 1985), pp. 193–5.

31
. PL 185, cols. 373–419; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 75–6.

32
.
Annales Rodenses
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH, xvi (Hanover 1869).

33
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 74; Williams,
Bernard of Clairvaux
, p. 266.

34
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 393; Otto Freising,
Frederick
, p. 74.

35
. Rabbi Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah (The Book of Remembrance)
,
Jews and the Crusaders
, trans. Eidelberg, p. 122; in general on the attacks on Jews pp. 121–33; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 74.

36
. RHGF, xv, 641–3; for William of Norwich, see R. Finucane,
Miracles and Pilgrims
(London 1977).

37
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 393.

38
. Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah
, pp. 126–31.

39
. Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah
, p. 130;
Chevalier, Mult Estes Guariz
,
Les Chansons de Croisade
, ed. J. Bédier and P. Aubry (Paris 1909), p. 9.

40
. Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah
, pp. 123–4.

41
. The phrase is Rabbi Ephraim’s,
Sefer Zekhirah
, p. 127; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 75 for Radulf at Mainz.

42
. Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah
, p. 124; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 393.

43
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 74.

44
. Ephraim of Bonn,
Sefer Zekhirah
, pp. 122–3, and for the persecution in general, pp. 121–33.

45
. A. Momigliano, ‘A Medieval Jewish Autobiography’,
History and Imagination
, ed. H. Lloyd-Jones et al. (London 1981).

46
.
Annales Rodenses
, MGH, xvi, 718.

47
. PL, 185, col. 383;
Annales Herbipolenses
, MGH, xvi, 3 (for the bishop of Würzburg’s mission); F. Dolger,
Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Ostromischen Reiches
, (Munich and Berlin 1924–65), ii, pp. 206–7, nos. 1348–50; for Franco-Byzantine diplomacy, RHGF, xv, 440–41; xvi, pp. 9–10.

48
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 78; in general, R. Hiestand, ‘Kingship and Crusade in Twelfth Century Germany’,
England and Germany in the High Middle Ages
, ed. A. Haverkamp and H. Vollrath (Oxford 1996), pp. 235–65; F. Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe’,
Medieval Frontier Societies
, ed. R. Bartlett and A. Mackay (Oxford 1989), pp. 267–306; J. Phillips, ‘Papacy, Empire and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 15–31.

49
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 74–5; PL, 185, cols. 381–6.

50
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 75–6.

51
. PL, 185, col. 339.

52
. Above notes 21 and 29; P. Jaffé,
Regesta Pontificum Romanorum
, ii (Leipzig 1888), 40–58 for Eugenius’s itinerary; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’,
Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 32–53; Phillips, ‘Papacy, Empire and the Second Crusade’, ibid., pp. 18–19, 25–6.

53
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 10–13; RHGF, xv, 440–41; xvi, 9–10.

54
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 13–16.

55
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 32–3.

56
.
Chronicon Turonense
, RHGF xii, 473; C. Devic and J. Vaissete,
Histoire générale de Languedoc
(Toulouse 1872–1904), iii, 754; v, c.29; Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 78–9.

57
. Apart from
Quantum praedecessores
, cf. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 58–9, 130–31.

58
. Odo of Deuil, an eyewitness, pp. 14–19.

59
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 78–9; Berry, ‘Second Crusade’, pp. 478–9.

60
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 76; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 394.

61
. PL, 180, cols. 1203–4.

62
.
Monumenta Corbeiensia
, ed. P. Jaffé,
Biblioteca rerum Germanicorum
, i (Berlin 1865), 245; E. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades
(2nd edn London 1997), pp. 50–59.

63
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 74–6, 79, 102; Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 50–51, 92–3.

64
. John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, ed. M. ChIbnall (London 1956), p. 55; Hiestand, ‘Papacy and Second Crusade’, pp. 38, 41–2.

65
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 79.

66
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 114–15 and, generally, passim; William of Tyre,
History
, xvi, 24; for Itier of Magnac, ii, 176–7 supplementing Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 122–3.

67
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 262; David,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, pp. 56–7 (
mulieres
).

68
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 6–7, 22–3, 24–5, 28–9, 54–5, 70–71, 74–9.

69
. Most of the gossip is from John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, pp. 54–6.

70
. John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontificalis
, p. 56 for the count’s linguistic skills and friendship with Conrad III.

71
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 122–3; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 176–7.

72
. Bédier and Aubry,
Chansons
, p. 9.

73
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 391.

74
. David,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, pp. 52–7; for Templars, RHGF, xvi, 9–10; xv, 496; Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 124–7; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, p. 31 and notes.

75
. Löwenfeld,
Epistolae pontificum
, pp. 103–4, no. 199; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 76; local arrangements are dotted throughout surviving cartularies of religious houses.

76
.
Chartes et documents pour servir à l’histoire de l’abbaye de Saint-Maixent
, ed. A. Richard,
Archives historiques de Poitou
, xvi (Poitiers 1886), 349–50, no. cccxxxi.

77
. RHGF, xiv, 324.

78
. RHGF, xii, 94–5.

79
.
Register of St Benet of Holme
, ed. J. West, Norfolk Record Society, nos. 2 and 3 (1932), i, 54, 87, nos. 92, 155.

80
.
Annales Rodenses
, MGH, xvi, 718–19.

81
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 102; RHGF xv, 496; Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 122–5, 130–33, 136–7.

82
. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’.

83
. For translations of Winand’s letter to the archbishop of Cologne and Duodechin’s to the abbot of Disibodenberg, S. Edgington, ‘Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 61–7.

84
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 20–21.

85
. David,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, pp. 56–7, 104–5, 176–7.

86
. Odo of Deuil,
De profectione
, pp. 124–7.

87
. David,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, pp. 56–7 and note 5, pp. 57–9.

88
.
Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft
, ed. T. Wright, Rolls Series (London 1866–8), i, 495.

89
. David,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, pp. 176–7.

90
. Quantin,
Cartulaire général de l’Yonne
, i, 437, no. 283.

10: ‘The Spirit of the Pilgrim God’: Fighting the Second Crusade

1
. Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, pp. 25–7; Helmold of Bosau,
Cronica Slavorum
, ed. J. M. Lappenberg and B. Smeidler, MGH (Hanover 1937), p. 115;
The Chronicle of the Slavs
, trans. F. J. Tschan (New York 1966), p. 172.

2
. Helmold,
Cronica
, p. 118; Otto of Freising,
Frederick
, p. 130; Henry of Huntingdon,
Historia Anglorum
, ed. and trans. D. Greenway (Oxford 1996), pp. 752–3; Eugenius III’s bull
Divina dispensatione
, 11 April 1147, PL, 180, cols. 1,203–4; Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, trans. James, no. 394.

3
. Christiansen,
The Northern Crusades
, pp. 50–65; PL, 180, cols. 1,203–4; K. V. Jensen,
‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 164–5, 168 and refs.

4
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, pp. 187–8.

5
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 180 and, for his account of the 1147 campaigns, pp. 170–82.

6
. Vincent of Prague,
Annales
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS (Hanover 1861), pp. 662–3.

7
. Vincent of Prague,
Annales
, p. 663.

8
. What follows is based on the eyewitness accounts by Raol,
De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi
, ed. David; and by the writers of the so-called ‘Lisbon Letter’, ed. S. Edgington, ‘Albert of Aachen, St Bernard and the Second Crusade’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 62–7; cf. M. Bennett, ‘Military Aspects of the Conquest of Lisbon’, ibid., pp. 71–89.

9
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 160–61.

10
. David
De Expugnatione
, pp. 100–104, 110–11 for Veils; for Flemish recruitment, J. Phillips, ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, pp. 485–97.

11
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 68–9, 98–9, 100–101; Edgington, ‘Lisbon Letter’, p. 63; Phillips ‘Bernard of Clairvaux and the Low Countries’, but the letter from Bernard to Afonso, Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 469, is probably a forgery.

12
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 78–9; and, for his sermon, pp. 68–85.

13
. Possibly Raol himself, David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 154–5.

14
. Bédier and Aubry,
Chansons
, p. 8.

15
. David,
De Expugnatione
, pp. 60–61, 68–85, 102–3.