God's War: A New History of the Crusades (156 page)

3
. On Antioch/Edessa relations, T. S. Asbridge,
Creation of the Principality of Antioch
, esp. pp. 50–91, 104–28.

4
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 52.

5
. H. Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
(Cambridge 1994), p. 18.

6
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 201, cf. pp. 140–41.

7
. In general and specifically, Asbridge,
Creation of the Principality
; Cahen,
Syrie du Nord
; Lilie,
Byzantium and Crusader States
; there survives an Antiochene chronicle by Walter the Chancellor,
The Antiochene Wars
, trans. T. S. Asbridge and S. B. Edgington (Aldershot 1999).

8
. Although he was: Walter the Chancellor,
Antiochene Wars
, p. 163; Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, p. 149; Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, p. 149.

9
. Lilie,
Byzantium and Crusader States
, pp. 103–4; Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 115; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 364–5 and note 1.

10
. P. Deschamps,
Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte
(Paris 1934–73), iii, 191–9; Asbridge,
Creation of Principality
, pp. 73, 175; Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 163.

11
. Asbridge,
Creation of Principality
, pp. 176–7 and refs.

12
. Cahen,
Syrie de Nord
, pp. 41–2, 343–4, 405, 540; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’,
Muslims under Latin Rule
, ed. J. M. Powell (Princeton 1990), pp. 137, 156–7; for Alan of al-Atharib, Asbridge,
Creation of Principality
, p. 169.

13
. Cahen,
Syrie du Nord
, p. 278.

14
. Walter the Chancellor,
Antiochene Wars
, pp. 87–9.

15
. Mayer,
Crusades
, p. 192; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 346–7; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 235–6.

16
. Richard,
The Crusades
, pp. 113–14.

17
. Anna Comnena,
Alexiad
, p. 434 and 424–34 for text of treaty; Lilie,
Byzantium and Crusader States
, pp. 72–82; Asbridge,
Creation of the Principality
, pp. 94–103.

18
. Lilie,
Byzantium and Crusader States
, passim.

19
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 77–8.

20
. Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 182–3 and refs.; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 199.

21
. J. H. and L. L. Hill,
Raymond IV Count of Toulouse
(New York 1962); Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
, p. 63.

22
. Ibn al-Qalanisi,
Damascus Chronicle
, p.89.

23
. For their fortifications, Kennedy,
Crusader Castles
, pp. 64–7; For the end of the Embriacos, below p. 732.

24
.
Damascus Chronicle
, pp. 287–8; Runciman,
History of the Crusades
, ii, 287–8 for further refs.

25
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 214; Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 28, 39–40; B. Lewis, ‘The Isma’ilites and the Assassins’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, i, 99–132.

26
. E.g. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 192–3 (reactions after the debacle of the siege of Damascus 1148); ii, 418–20, 434–5 (for the tensions surrounding the visit of Count Philip of Flanders 1177, on which see B. Hamilton,
The Leper King and his Heirs
(Cambridge 2000), pp. 119–33).

27
. Only one twelfth-century verse epic, the
Chanson des Chétifs
, originated in Outremer, at Antioch, probably at the court of Raymond of Poitiers (d. 1149), but other
chanson
cycles were known there as in the west; for a summary, Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 192–3.

28
. A. V. Murray, ‘The Accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem’,
From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusade and Crusade Societies 1095–1500
(Turnhout 1998), pp. 81–102.

29
. On titles, J. France, ‘The Election and Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’,
Canadian Journal of History
, 18 (1983), 321–30; cf. J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’,
Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research
, 52 (1979), 83–6; A. V. Murray, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem’,
Collegium Medievale
, 3 (1990), 163–78; Richard,
The Crusades
, p. 78; H. E. Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’,
History
, 63 (1978), 175.

30
. William of Tyre,
History
, i, 416; Mayer,
Mélanges
, esp. pp. 11, 17, 30–72.

31
. William of Tyre,
History
, i, 487–8; for the Latin text, William of Tyre,
Chronicon
, bk 11, c. 14, p. 518.

32
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 222.

33
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, p. 222; William of Tyre, who used Fulcher, removes all mention of non-Latins in his account.

34
. S. Tibble,
Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291
(Oxford 1989); cf. the review by H. E. Mayer in
Göttingischen Gelehrten Anzeigen
, 245 (1993), 59–70.

35
. H. E. Mayer, ‘Angevin
versus
Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem’,
Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
, 133 (1989), 1–25.

36
. E. de Rozière (ed.),
Cartulaire de l’église du Saint Sépulchre de Jérusalem
, v (Paris 1849), 17, no. 15; in general, H. E. Mayer, ‘The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem’,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers
, 39 (1985), 139–47.

37
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 47; as a boy in Jerusalem, William may have seen King Fulk in person.

38
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 51.

39
. Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders
, pp. 169–88.

40
. C. J. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades 1095–1588
(Chicago 1988), pp. 50–51; cf. Hamilton,
The Leper King
, pp. 212–14.

41
. P. Edbury and J. G. Rowe,
William of Tyre
(Cambridge 1988), pp. 61–84.

42
. For a summary, J. Folda, ‘Art in the Latin East’,
The Oxford History of the Crusades
, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford 1999), p. 141.

43
. Alexander III,
Opera Omnia
, PL, 200, col. 1294; Hamilton,
The Leper King
, passim for a modern positive gloss on Baldwin.

44
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 446, 460.

45
. R. C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan 1183–87’,
Outremer
, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 159–76.

46
. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The General Tax of 1183 in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem’,
English Historical Review
, 89 (1974), 339–45; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 486–7.

7: East is East and East is West: Outremer in the Twelfth Century

1
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 397–8; E. Kohlberg and B. Z. Kedar, ‘A Melkite Physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus’, in B. Z. Kedar,
The Franks in the Levant
(Aldershot 1993), chap. XII, pp. 113–15; C. Cahen, ‘Indigènes et croisés’,
Syria
, 15 (1934), 351–60; on William of Tyre, Edbury and Rowe,
William of Tyre
, esp. pp. 1–22 and passim for his historical interpretation.

2
.
Livres des Assises de la Cour des Bourgeois
, c. 241, RHC Lois (Paris 1843), ii, 172.

3
. Guibert of Nogent,
Gesta Dei
, p. 245; Orderic Vitalis,
Ecclesiastical History
, v, 136–7; Richard,
The Crusades
, pp. 144–5.

4
. Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp. 9, 14–19.

5
. Fulcher of Chartres,
History
, pp. 149–50, 271–2;
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr
, trans. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London 1952), p. 325; Usamah,
An Arab-Syrian Gentleman
, p. 170.

6
. A. de Barthélemy, ‘Libre Exercise de commerce octroyé à un pèlerin champanois’,
Archives de l’Orient Latin
, i (1881), 535–6; in general, Ellenblum,
Settlement
, passim; cf. Prawer,
The Latin Kingdom
; idem, ‘Colonization Activities in the Latin Kingdom’,
Crusader Institutions
(Oxford 1980), pp. 102–42.

7
.
Le Cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sépulchre de Jérusalem
, ed. G. Bresc-Bautier (Paris 1984), no. 121, pp. 246–7; Hugh le Poitevin,
Chronique de l’abbaye de Vézelay
,
Monumenta Vizeliacensis
, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnhout 1976), pp. 400, 402.

8
. H. E. Mayer, ‘Abu’ alis Spuren am Berliner Tiergarten’,
Archiv für Diplomatik
, 38 (1992), 132–3; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 292–4; note 1 above.

9
. Ralph Niger,
De Re Militari et Triplici Via Peregrinationis Ierosolimitanae
, ed. L. Schmugge (Berlin 1977), pp. 186–7, 193–9; William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 192–3; for a rehabilitation of Heraclius, B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Patriarch Eraclius’,
Outremer
, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 177–204.

10
. John of Würzburg, in
Jerusalem Pilgrimage
, ed. Wilkinson, Hakluyt Society NS 167 (1988), pp. 259, 266; John Phocas,
ibid
., p. 324.

11
. Theoderic,
Jerusalem Pilgrimage
, ed. Wilkinson, p. 310.

12
. C. Kohler, ‘Documents inédits concernant l’Orient Latin et les croisades’,
Revue de l’Orient Latin
(Paris 1893–1911), vii, 1–9.

13
. B. Z. Kedar’s phrase, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’,
Muslims under Latin Rule
, ed. Powell, p. 174; idem, ‘A Second Incarnation in Frankish Jerusalem’,
The Experience of Crusading
, ii, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge 2003), p. 89.

14
. Kemal al-Din,
Chronicle of Aleppo
, RHC Or., iii (Paris 1884), 597–8.

15
. William of Tyre,
History
, ii, 374–5; the levels of military obligations were derived from lists collected by John of Ibelin in the mid-thirteenth century.

16
. On lordships, Tibble,
Monarchy and Lordships
.

17
. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 140 and refs.

18
. Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrimage
, pp. 120–71, 215–18, 220–22; for Jerusalem clergy and burgesses, see the witness lists in charters in R. Röhricht,
Regesta regni Hierosolymitani
(Innsbruck 1893, 1904), passim.

19
. Wilkinson,
Jerusalem Pilgrimage
, pp. 264–5, 267, 273, 319, 330, 335–6.

20
. Delaville le Roulx,
Cartulaire général de l’ordre des Hospitaliers
, no. 399, i, 272–3; Bresc-Bautier,
Cartulaire du Saint-Sépulchre
, no. 117, pp. 237–9; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp.74–82; Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 119–21, 127–8.

21
. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 140–41 and note 162; Ellenblum,
Settlement
, pp. 65–8.