God's War: A New History of the Crusades (169 page)

12
. Trans. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
, p. 99.

13
. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
, pp. 100–110; idem,
The Quest for El Cid
(London 1989).

14
. Trans. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 8, 30.

15
. A. Ubieto Arteta,
Coleccion diplomatica de Pedro I de Aragon y Navarra
(Zaragoza 1951), p. 115 note 9.

16
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, p. 24 and note 6, p. 228; in general, R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050–1150’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
, 37 (1987), 31–47.

17
. The phrase is R. Menendez Pidal’s,
La España del Cid
(Madrid 1947), i, 147.

18
. E. Emerton,
The Correspondence of Gregory VII
(New York 1969), p. 6; O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, p. 29.

19
. Contacts that impressed Bishop Pelayo of Orviedo (1101–30, 1142–3) in his
Chronicon regum Legionensium
, trans. S. Barton and R. Fletcher,
The World of El Cid
(Manchester 2000), pp. 87–8.

20
. See, for example, the texts in Barton and Fletcher,
World of El Cid
, passim.

21
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 31–2 for translation; cf. Riley-Smith,
First Crusade
, pp. 18–20.

22
. Ubieto Atreta,
Diplomatica Pedro I
, pp. 113 note 6 and 115 note 9.

23
.
Historia Silense
, in Barton and Fletcher,
World of El Cid
, pp. 50–52.

24
.
The Poem of the Cid
, ed. and trans. R. Hamilton, J. Perry and I. Michael (London 1984); Barton and Fletcher,
World of El Cid
, pp. 90–147 for the
Historia Roderici
.

25
. See the discussion of this by R. Bartlett,
The Making of Europe
(London 1994), pp. 240–42.

26
. See the discussion by N. Housley,
Religious Warfare in Europe 1400–1536
(Oxford 2002), esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.

27
. Mansi,
Sacrorum Conciliorum
, xxi (Venice 1776), col. 284; for a narrative, O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 32–41.

28
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 74.

29
. R. Fletcher,
St James’s Catapult
(Oxford 1984), pp. 298–9.

30
. E. Lourie, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’,
Speculum
, 50 (1975), 635–51; A. Forey, ‘The Will of Alfonso I’,
Durham University Journal
, 73 (1980), 59–65; O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, p. 40.

31
. Caffaro,
Annales Ianuenses
and the
Ystoria captionis Almarie et Turtuose
, ed. L. T. Belgrano,
Fonti per la Storia d’Italia
, ii (Rome 1890), 33–5, 79–89; G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’,
Traditio
, 9 (1953), 226–35; Eugenius III, ‘Epistola et privilegia’, PL clxxx, cols. 1,203–4.

32
.
Coleccion de documentos ineditos de la Corona de Aragon
, ed. P. Bofarull et al. (Barcelona 1847–1910), iv, 314–15, no. 128; cf. N. Jaspert, ‘Tortosa and the Crusades’,
The Second Crusade
, ed. Phillips and Hoch, pp. 90–110.

33
. Fletcher,
Moorish Spain
, p. 123.

34
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 62–4, and cf. pp. 59–61.

35
. Above, notes 33 and 34.

36
. In general see Forey,
The Military Orders
, pp. 23–32.

37
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 148–9.

38
. For a recent discussion, O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 70–76; for the financial precedents, ibid., pp. 152–76.

39
. O’Callaghan,
Reconquest
, pp. 102, 119; in general see Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, esp. pp. 197–242.

40
. See P. E. Russell,
Prince Henry the Navigator
(New Haven and London 2000); idem, ‘Some Fifteenth Century Eyewitness Accounts of Travel in the Atlantic Ocean before 1492’,
Historical Research
, 66 (1993), 115–28.

41
. In general, see J. Muldoon,
Popes, Lawyers and Infidels
(Liverpool 1979).

42
. Housley,
Religious Warfare
, esp. pp. 75–82, 201–4.

43
. Toribio Motolinia,
History of the Indians of New Spain
, trans. E. A. Foster (Berkeley 1950), pp. 110–17. I am grateful to J.- J. Lopez Portillo for bringing this incident to my attention.

44
. Quoted Housley,
Religious Warfare
, p. 202.

21: Frontier Crusades 2: the Baltic and the North

1
. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters
, no. 394, p. 467; see above pp. 292–3, 304–5.

2
. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, pp. 75–77.

3
. Above pp. 221, 243–7.

4
. Above pp. 251–3; in general, Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’.

5
. H. Richter, ‘
Militia Dei
’,
Journeys Towards God
, ed. B. N. Sargent-Baur (Michigan 1992), pp. 107–26.

6
. The best general account is by Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
; see also W. Urban,
The Baltic Crusade
(2nd edn Chicago 1994) and Bartlett,
Making of Europe
; A. V. Murray (ed.),
Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150–1500
(Aldershot 2001), esp. the bibliography pp. 278–85, with important refs.

7
. See note 1 above; Lotter, ‘The Crusading Idea’, p. 292; see rebuttals of Lotter in reviews by H. E. J. Cowdrey,
English Historical Review
, 94 (1979), 166–7; and J. Brundage,
Speculum
, 54 (1979), 172–3.

8
. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, p. 169. This is the tone of much of Helmold of Bosau’s account, below, note 9.

9
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, pp. 169, 176–7.

10
. Otto of Freising,
Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa
, p. 76, cf. p. 79 for the rejection of Henry the Lion’s suit at Frankfurt; above, pp. 292–3.

11
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 180.

12
. Jaffé,
Monumenta Corbeiensia
, p. 245; above pp. 305–8.

13
. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, esp. pp. 165–72; see, in general, T. Riis,
Les Institutions politiques centrales du Danemark 1100–1332
(Odense 1977).

14
.
De Profectione Danorum
, Gertz,
Scriptores
, ii, 465–7.

15
. Trans. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 69, and ref. note 37.

16
. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

17
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 188.

18
. Henry of Antwerp,
Tractatus de captione urbis Brandenburg
, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH (Hanover 1880), p. 484; trans. Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, p. 35.

19
. Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, p. 221.

20
. Cf. trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 77.

21
. On the 1172 pilgrimage, Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, p. 10; generally, Helmold of Bosau,
Chronicle
, pp. 233, 242–5, 254–64, 266–7, 274–5, 281–2; Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 61–2, 69–70, 72; Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, pp. 268, 274–8.

22
. Arnold of Lübeck,
Chronica Slavorum
, p. 215.

23
. Henry of Livonia,
Chronicon Livoniae
, ed. L. Arbusow and A. Bauer (Hanover 1955) (cf. trans. J. Brundage,
The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
(Madison 1961)), XIV, 11; Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 95.

24
. Henry of Livonia,
Chronicon
, p. 9.

25
. Innocent III to Valdemar II, J. and L. Riley-Smith,
Crusades
, p. 78.

26
. For summaries, Forey,
The Military Orders
, esp. pp. 32–9; Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 79–83, 99–103, 128.

27
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, ed. L. Auvray et al. (Paris 1890–1955), no. 2,097 (cf. nos. 2,098–2,102); Henry of Livonia,
Chronicon
, pp. 23, 29, 31, 34, 92, 132; Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, esp. pp. 127–8; Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, p. 195.

28
. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 95–7, 221–2, 224–5.

29
. Trans. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 128.

30
. See, e.g., refs. and trans. of Bacon’s
Opus Maius
and Humbert’s
Opusculum tripartitum
, Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 152.

31
. Arnold of Lübeck, ‘De conversione Livonie’,
Chronica Slavorum
, pp. 212–31; Henry of Livonia,
Chronicon
, pp. 6–12 et seq.

32
. PL, 215, cols. 428–30.

33
. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 98; Bartlett,
Making of Europe
, p. 268 for Riga’s Fifth Crusade contribution.

34
. For Livonia, W. Urban,
Baltic Crusade
; Christiansen,
Northern Crusade
, esp. pp. 93–104.

35
. For Livonia after 1300, W. Urban,
The Livonian Crusade
(Washington, DC 1981). In general, N. Housley,
The Later Crusades
(Oxford 1992).

36
. Apart from the general surveys, see T. Lindkvist, ‘Crusades and Crusading Ideology in the Political History of Sweden’,
Crusade and Conversion
, ed. Murray, pp. 119–30; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’.

37
. PL, 200, cols. 860–61.

38
. Henry of Livonia,
Chronicon
, p. 43.

39
. Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, esp. pp. 109–13, 132–7.

40
. See note 39 and ibid., pp. 177–98.

41
. For refs. to the
Revelationes S. Brigittae
, Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, p. 276 note 135 and pp. 190–92.

42
. W. Urban,
The Prussian Crusade
(Lanham 1980); Christiansen,
Northern Crusades
, pp. 104–9 and pp. 199–226.

43
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, no. 2,097.

44
.
Codex Diplomaticus Prussicus
, ed. J. Voigt (Königsberg 1836–61), i, 59–60.

45
. See, apart from the general works cited, M. Burleigh, ‘The Military Orders in the Baltic’,
New Cambridge Medieval History
, v, ed. D. Abulafia (Cambridge 1999), pp. 743–53.

46
. E. N. Johnson, ‘The German Crusade in the Baltic’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, iii, esp. pp. 572–3.

47
.
Epistolae saeculi XIII e regestis pontificum romanorum
, ed. G. H. Pertz and C. Rodenberg, MGH, ii (Berlin 1887), no. 5.