God's War: A New History of the Crusades (171 page)

59
.
Gestes des Chyprois
, Arm. ii, Bk iii, and Crawford,
Templar of Tyre
, chap. 410; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 343.

60
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 326–33.

61
. See below, pp. 818–22.

62
. Ludolph of Suchem,
Liber de Itinere Terrae Sanctae
, ed. F. Deycks (Stuttgart 1851), p. 89.

23: The Defence of the Holy Land 1221–44

1
. Waverley Annals,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, ii, 295.

2
.
Regesto del cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia
, ed. G. Levi (Rome 1890).

3
. Baratier, ‘Une prédication de la croisade à Marseille’, pp. 690–99.

4
.
Archives de l’Hôtel Dieu de Paris
, ed. L. Briele (Paris 1894), no. 203, pp. 87–8.

5
. E.g. the 1237 case of Peter of Erdington’s land in Shropshire,
Curia Regis Rolls
(London 1922–), xvi, 31 no. 115.

6
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, ii, 323.

7
. N. Vincent,
Peter des Roches
(Cambridge 1996), p. 234.

8
. Tyerman,
Invention of the Crusades
, p. 86 and notes 249–51 for refs.

9
. S. Lloyd, ‘Political Crusades in England c.1215–17 and c.1263–5’,
Crusade and Settlement
, ed. Edbury, pp. 113–20; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 144–51.

10
. F. M. Powicke,
The Thirteenth Century
(Oxford 1962), p. 80.

11
. Theobald of Champagne,
Seigneurs, sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira
l. 18 ‘the ashy people will remain behind’, trans. M. Routledge,
An Eyewitness History of the Crusades
, ed. C. J. Tyerman, Folio Society (London 2004), iv, 269; Rutebeuf,
La desputizions dou croisié et dou descroisié
in
Onze poèmes concernant la croisade
, ed. J. Bastin and E. Faral (Paris 1946), pp. 84–94.

12
. Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, p. 252 and refs. at note 118.

13
. In general, T. C. Van Cleve,
The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen
(Oxford 1972), pp. 158–233; idem, ‘The Crusade of Frederick II’, 429–62; D. Abulafia,
Frederick II
(London 1988), pp. 148–201; Mayer,
Crusades
, pp. 228–38.

14
. Van Cleve,
Frederick II
, p. 229.

15
. Above p. 491.

16
. The contemporary Ibn Wasil’s account in Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 267–8, 269–70; Maqrizi,
Histoire d’Egypte
, trans. E. Blocquet,
Revue de l’Orient Latin
, 9 (1901), 509–10 seems based on this.

17
. MGH
Constitutiones et Acta publica Imperatorum et Regum
, iv (Hanover 1896), ed. L. Weiland, IV-ii, 129–31, no. 102.

18
. Richard of San Germano,
Chronica
, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, xix (Hanover 1866), 347–9, cf. pp. 343–4; Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, pp. 238–9 and refs. notes 52 and 53.

19
. Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, pp. 233–4.

20
. Above, note 13.

21
. Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, pp. 229–58; K. R. Giles, ‘Two English Bishops in the Holy Land’,
Nottingham Medieval Studies
, 31 (1987), 46–57; Lloyd,
English Society
, in index under ‘Peter des Roches’, ‘William Brewer’, etc.; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 99–101.

22
.
Calendar of Patent Rolls 1225–32
, pp. 90–91; Vincent,
Peter des Roches
, pp. 235–9 for Bishop Peter’s finances.

23
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, ii, 323;
Calendar of Liberate Rolls
(Public Record Office, London 1916–64),
1226–40
, p. 93 for Aubigny.

24
. A. Forey, ‘The Military Order of St Thomas of Acre’,
English Historical Review
, 92 (1977), 481–503.

25
. Holt,
Age of Crusades
, pp. 63–5; cf. R. S. Humphreys,
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus
(Albany 1977).

26
. John of Joinville,
Histoire de St Louis
, ed. N. M. Wailly (Paris 1868), pp. 69–70.

27
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 268.

28
. Sibt Ibn al-Jauzi, Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 273–4; cf. pp. 272–3 for Ibn Wasil’s account.

29
. Giovanni Codagnelli (a Piacenza notary fl. 1200–30),
Annales Placentini
, ed. O. Holder-Egger,
Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum
(Hanover 1901), pp. 85–6.

30
. J. L. Huillard-Bréholles,
Historia Diplomagtica Friderici Secundi
(Paris 1852–61), iii, 23–30; Gregory IX,
Registres
, nos. 178–9.

31
. According to the hostile Philip of Novara,
Wars of Frederick II
, p. 73; for preparations, Richard of San Germano,
Chronica
, pp. 348–9.

32
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, ii, 351–2 and generally, pp. 364–73. For the events of 1227–9,
Eracles
, pp. 363–75; Philip of Novara,
Wars of Frederick II
, pp. 73–92 (who emphasizes Frederick’s confrontation with the Ibelins in Cyprus).

33
. For these and other exchanges,
Eracles
, pp. 369–72; Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, pp. 267–75.

34
. Translations, Van Cleve,
Frederick II
, p. 217 and see notes 3 and 4.

35
. Van Cleve,
Frederick II
, p. 217 note 5.

36
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 270.

37
. Van Cleve,
Frederick II
, pp. 219–20, reconstructs the treaty that has not survived.

38
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 271; in general pp. 270–71, 273–4.

39
. Gerold’s encyclical letter condemning Frederick is translated in Peters,
Christian Society
, pp. 165–70, taken from Matthew Paris’s version.

40
. Riley-Smith,
Feudal Nobility
, pp. 171–2.

41
. Trans. Peters,
Christian Society
, pp. 164–5.

42
. Richard of San Germano,
Chronica
, p. 355.

43
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 270.

44
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, ii, 372; trans. Peters,
Christian Society
, p. 156.

45
. Above pp. 725–7.

46
. Gabrieli,
Arab Historians
, p. 275.

47
. Philip of Novara,
Wars of Frederick II
, p. 91; cf. pp. 87–92 for opposition to Frederick.

48
. Van Cleve,
Frederick II
, p. 528 and note 1.

49
. The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre,
Eracles
, pp. 526–7, and, for what follows, pp. 526–56 and, for Eracles Continuation itself, pp. 413–22, trans. J. Shirley,
Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century
(Aldershot 1999), p. 38 and, generally, pp. 38–58, 123–9.

50
. For 1239–41, apart from the general surveys for background, S. Painter, ‘The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall’,
History of the Crusades
, ed. Setton, ii, 463–85; Lloyd,
English Society
, esp. pp. 22, 58, 83, 86, 90, 92–3, 136, 149, 151, 178, 182; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 101–8; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
, 50 (1987), 32–60.

51
. Theobald of Champagne, ‘
Seigneurs Sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira
’, trans. Routledge,
Eyewitness History of the Crusades
, ed. Tyerman, iv, 268.

52
. Roger of Wendover,
Flores
, iii, 104–7; Gregory IX,
Registres
, nos. 2,180–9.

53
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, no. 2,664.

54
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, nos. 3,923, 3,926.

55
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 104–6 for Richard’s financial arrangements.

56
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, no. 4,107; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

57
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iii, 368–9.

58
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 7; Dunstable Annals,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, iii, 152.

59
. Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 104–5; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.

60
.
Eracles
, pp. 527–8; Thomas Wykes,
Chronicon
,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, iv, 86–7.

61
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iii, 620; in general, Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 102–4, 107.

62
. Lloyd,
English Society
, pp. 83–4, 136; Tyerman,
England and the Crusades
, pp. 103–4.

63
. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 469.

64
. The most detailed account is in the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre,
Eracles
, pp. 531–46; trans. Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 41–50, p. 46 for quotation.

65
. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 57.

66
. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 482.

67
. Gregory IX,
Registres
, nos. 3,363, 3,633, 4,027, cf. 4,315.

68
. Burton Annals,
Annales Monastici
, ed. Luard, i, 265–7; Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 38–43.

69
. Mathew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iii, 620.

70
. Trans. Routledge,
Eyewitness History of the Crusades
, ed. Tyerman, iv, 290; cf. Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 55.

71
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 71.

72
. Lloyd,
English Society
, Appendix 5 for the contract and pp. 135–7 for a discussion of it.

73
.
Eracles
, p. 532; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 42.

74
.
Eracles
, pp. 531–2; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 41.

75
.
Eracles
, pp. 533–6, 538–9; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, pp. 42–4, 45–6.

76
. The best analysis of these manoeuvres is Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239–41’.

77
.
Eracles
, p. 554; Shirley,
Crusader Syria
, p. 57.

78
. Matthew Paris,
Chronica Majora
, iv, 138–44.

79
. Above p. 726.

80
. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, pp. 143–6.